Aging Bias For The Elderly - 1446 Words

It is important to understand that patients have been experiencing aging bias for a very long time. It is also evident in the medical profession as well, and one needs to do more to ensure that everyone is treated fairly especially the elderly patients. The elderly patients need to treat with the utmost respect and dignity. One needs to understand that the elderly are the ones who pave the way for the younger generation. Therefore, it is important that one takes the time out of their busy assignments to listen to what the older patients have to say and respond to them in an appropriate manner. This paper will discuss how aging has impact one nursing practice, aging bias that one has witnessed during their nursing practice, and a community plan to discuss aging bias. Aging Bias It is important to note that whenever one comes across an elderly person, whether it would be working or on the train. It is important to always make it one’s point of duty to ensure that the elderly is comfortable. If the elderly person is standing and one is sitting, it would be the right thing to do by offering the seat to the individual, this also goes for nursing as well. Whenever one is working with an elderly person, it is important that one treat them like their grandparents, that is, with the utmost respect and dignity that they deserve. Also, if they are from a different culture or background, one would always try to learn something new from that culture. It is important to treat everyone theShow MoreRelatedIs Ageism The Intentional And Subconscious Discrimination Against Older Adults? Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesyounger generation does not understand that and dismisses the elderly. Showing respect and dignity to the older adult (OA) should be a courtesy ingrain ed in each of us, sadly, that has been forgotten in today’s society. The younger generations must learn the importance of respecting and take the time to listen to what the OA has to say and spend quality time with them. Children should be taught from an early age to treat the elderly with respect and dignity, and it should be carried with them throughoutRead MoreGender, Discrimination, Bias, And The Hostility Against Older People942 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscrimination, bias, and the enmity against older people. A great example of ageism is rejecting an older job applicants in favor of a younger one. Three theory apply to aging the elderly. Our first theory is called structural-functional theory. As the author of our textbook, John Macionis, agrees that this approach views society as a complex, but interconnected system, where each part works together as a functional whole (p.16). The author of the book applies this approach to the aging topic and showRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Elderly1582 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. The effect of the elderly living longer is that the occurrence of illness and disabilities, as well as recovery time, is increased (Lovell, 2006). Associated with this is the increase in demand for health care resources, and the negative stereotype of the elderly being an economic burden (Lovell, 2006). The stereotype of the elderly being frail is perpetuated by the media’s promotion of youth and vitality, as well as the biased reporting of the negative impacts of aging (Lovell, 2006). HoweverRead MoreReflection Paper On Aging1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe e mbodied aging and experience by creating a storyline based on the character, Billy, shared the good news of him finally proposing to his much younger girlfriend with his dearest friends and wanted them to be supportive in his decision-making. All four friends decided to escape from their daily lives a couple of days in order to throw a bachelor party together for Billy in Las Vegas (Last Vegas, 2013). They have been best friends since childhood, yet have experienced a different aging journey (LastRead MoreThe Treatment Of Muscle Mass Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesweight. Their function is to provide the body movement, strength, respiration, balance, posture and to regulate the temperature (Lenk et al., 2010). Sarcopenia has since been defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. ( Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010). Sarcopenia is considered one of the geriatric syndromes because its prevalence in older populations (Chien, et al 2008). Sarcopenia leads to functional disabilities, decrease mobility, falls, and fractures, which leadRead MorePico : Depression : Pico1296 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzed to form the answer to the Pico question. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a question and research on the topic of depression in the elderly, using the PICO format. Part 1: Pico Analyses of Research Topic Depression is lack of enjoyment and a general feeling of sadness (Brouwer-Brolsma,et al., 2015). It can happen to all ages, but, the elderly are, especially prone (Brouwer-Brolsma,et al., 2015). It is often misdiagnosed, because many of the symptoms such as, irritability, sleep disturbancesRead MoreThe Population Of The United States900 Words   |  4 Pages With the continual increase in the elder population, whether or not an aging population is beneficial to society has become widely debatable. While many believe that this top-heavy type of population distribution poses a colossal obstacle in terms of economic development in the long run, others maintain that it is a testament to the development of a society. Given that a high proportion of elderly citizens puts immense pressure on the working force and would be a burden on the healthcareRead MoreThe Face Of The Hiv Epidemic Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pages The face of the HIV epidemic has changed. People ages 50 and older now represent the fastest growing segment of HIV positive adults in the United States (Sankar et al, 2011). A workshop on HIV Infection and Aging estimated that by 2015, adults aged 50 and older will make up approximately 50% of all HIV/AIDS in the U.S. (Effros et al, 2008). Factors, including decreased efficiency of the immune system and decreased likelihood that older adults have been tested for HIV, increase the vulnerabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination of any age group, however for this essay, it will be used in the context of discrimination of the elderly population. The elderly population accounts for 50% of hospital stays, 70% of home health services and 90% of residents in aged care homes where a further 90% of residents fall victim to and experience ageism throughout their stay (Fitzpatrick Kazer, 2012). The eld erly account for such a large proportion of the population using healthcare services, therefore, in turn, is the reasonRead MoreWorking With The Elderly Population1475 Words   |  6 Pagesyears in my life I knew that I had a passion to care for the elderly (aging) population. From this passion, it ignited a fire so strong that I pursue my certified nursing assistant certification to gain a better understanding of working with the elderly population. By doing so, it has been a great benefit to my life; aging is an inevitable experience that we all will go through during our life. It is important to ensure that our elderly individuals are still able to enjoy the best quality of life

Gender Prejudices - 1361 Words

Gender Prejudices â€Å"Women need to..† is the first line featured in the new ad campaign for UN Women, an organization focusing on the gender equality and the empowerment of women. The ad features a woman with a Google search bar obscuring her mouth and autocomplete results for the incomplete phrase â€Å"women need to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These include â€Å"women need to be put in their place†, â€Å"women need to know their place†, â€Å"women need to be controlled†, and â€Å"women need to be disciplined†. The small print of each ad also reads â€Å"Actual Google search on 09/03/13.† UN Women successfully uses these results to illustrate the still- present ideas of sexual discrimination. However, an analysis and synthesis between this campaign ad and articles related to the plight†¦show more content†¦The first sixteen Articles called for the states to take proper measure to ensure women’s civil, economic, political, cultural and legal equality. Of those present, only 44 expressed that they would not implement certain provisions on constitutional, political, cultural or religious grounds (Deen). This was a massive step in women’s rights and called for much needed action, with such a profound number of countries participating it can’t be denied that progress was made and still continues today. These continued efforts can be seen around the world. â€Å"According to the UN, 173 countries now guarantee paid maternity leave, 139 constitutions guarantee gender equality, 125 prohibit domestic violence, 117 outlaw sexual harassment, and 117 have equal pay† (Austin). Women have also found jobs in high- ranking positions across the world. As of January 2011, 51 percent of the Rwandan governing body is female. Women represent 30 percent of more of the legislation of Cuba, Costa Rica, Spain, South Africa, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Germany, New Zealand, Tanzania, Iceland, Macedonia, Mozambique, Angola, Finland, Guyana, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina. (Austin) By placing themselves in these top positions, women are taking the opportunity to reform and create more progressive laws for the betterment of all women around the world. With this trend continuing, and the progress so far, one can only imagine what theShow MoreRelatedClass and Gender Representations in Pride and Prejudice969 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austin uses the novel Pride and Prejudice to comment on both class and gender expectations within a fixed society. She questions both the class stratification of the time, and the unreasonable expectations placed on gender, and the inequality between males and females. Written in 1796, Austin lived during the regency period, in which the novel is based and understood both the issues she was commenting on. Austin used setting, and descriptions of the estates to give information on the charactersRead MoreGender Roles and Prejudice Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles and Prejudice Gender roles in our society are based on prejudice is an essay about the ways in which we stereotype each gender. These stereotypes lead the children, through socialisation, to conform to the way in which both male and females are supposed to act in society. For example, the male stereotype in supposed to have physical strength, be aggressive and competitive characteristics, whereas female characteristics are supposed to be sensitive, caringRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Prejudice1130 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality and racial prejudice are alive and well in the United States and around the world despite the strides that have been made here over the past fifty years. Over time fixed notions about gender differences have been interwoven into the fabric of society, each leading to complex interactions among people. Traditionally, most of these rigid views have supported the dominance of men and the subservience of women in most social structures. In her article entitled: Mapping the Margins:Read MoreGender Experience and Prejudice in the Workplace Essay503 Words   |  3 Pagesas a RNA at duke she told my brother not to get in this profession. it is hard to do this job being as a men. Many individuals feel that a man does not belong in a feminine profession. I believe that statement to be untrue and unfair. The issue of gender discrimination in nursing is the same as oth er professions. The only difference is nursing is dominated by women, and men are the minority fighting for equality. Male nurses may belong, but there is not still many around. According to the U.S. LaborRead MoreMarriage in Pride and Prejudice Defined by Gender, Social Class, and Family 1800 Words   |  8 Pages Jane Austen’s novel is commanded by women; Pride and Prejudice explores the expectations of women in a society that is set at the turn of the 19th century. Throughout the plot, Austen’s female characters are all influenced by their peers, pressures from their family, and their own desires. The social struggle of men and women is seen throughout the novel. Characters, like Elizabeth, are examples of females not acting as proper as women were supposed to, while other women like Mrs. Bennett allowRead MoreThe Prejudice Of Race And Gender1365 Words   |  6 Pagessame time it was the only way to get by and get ahead by complying. The narrative is a powerful representation of social conflict that existed during the 1930’s and 1940’s and is portrayed by the discrimination of race and gender. In this analysis you will see how race and gender are associated and how sometimes the combination can constrain one another. In this society the narrator and all his schoolmates are seen as lower than the â€Å"big shots† and when the narrator goes to give his speech for theRead MoreGender Roles for Women in Pride and Prejudice897 Words   |  4 PagesAva Cotliar Cockrill English 10 B 2 Ferbruary 2011 Gender Roles for Women in Pride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice represents life in the middle and upper classes in the 19th century. Jane Austen, the author, does an excellent job of differentiating the status and roles that people play. Georgiana Darcy, the Bennet sisters, and Charlotte Lucas are limited in their opportunities because of their social class, gender, and birthright. Being born into a high social class leavesRead MoreEssay On Gender Roles In Pride And Prejudice750 Words   |  3 PagesPride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, Mrs. Bennet, Charlotte Lucas, and Caroline Bingley are three characters that fit completely into the gender roles of their time period. These three share a common interest of marrying a man, and almost handing their free will away at the expense of security in life. These characters would rather be sheep on a farm than expose their true feelings and become the one that leads the mob, not the one following everyone else. Many characters in Pride and Prejudice have,Read MoreHow Gender Discrimination Is Not The Only Type Of Prejudice1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfrail, fragile, servants. Despite being sharp-witted Miss Maudie can not serve on a jury and people cringe at the sight of little Scout in overalls. Gender discrimination is certainly not the only type of prejudice that takes place in this classic novel or the world today; social class and race are also discriminated against. Furthermore, with gender discrimination in To Kill a Mockingbird, when Jem calls Scout a girl, she takes it as an insult. Because Aunt Alexandra is staying with Scout’s familyRead MorePrejudice On The Basis Of Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation976 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice on the basis of race, gender, and sexual orientation is undeniably a prominent aspect of any society. As the media is a reflection of the society in which it exists, it can be assumed that such prejudiced ideals will be represented in it. Whether or not the media is racist, sexist and homophobic is a controversial topic as every individual member of society has a differing opinion on the matter, usually on account of their own race, etc, and their experiences with discrimination. In order

OTHELLO Analysis Essay Example For Students

OTHELLO Analysis Essay A monologue from the play by William ShakespeareOTHELLO: Her father loved me, oft invited me;Still questioned me the story of my lifeFrom year to year the battles, sieges, fortunesThat I have passed.I ran it through, even from my boyish daysTo th very moment that he bade me tell it. Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances,Of moving accidents by flood and field;Of hairbreadth scapes i the imminent deadly breach;Of being taken by the insolent foeAnd sold to slavery; of my redemption thenceAnd portance in my travels history;Wherein of anters vast and deserts idle,Rough quarries, rocks, and hills whose heads touch heaven,It was my hint to speak such was the process;And of the Cannibals that each other eat,The Anthropophagi, and men whose headsDo grow beneath their shoulders. This to hearWould Desdemona seriously incline;But still the house affairs would draw her thence;Which ever she could with haste dispatch,Shed come again, and with a greedy earDevour up my discourse. Which I observing,Took once a pliant hour, and found good meansTo draw from her a prayer of earnest heartThat I would all my pilgrimage dilate,Whereof by parcels she had something heard,But not intentively. I did consent,And often did beguile her of her tearsWhen I did speak of some distressful s trokeThat my youth suffered. My story being done,She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.She swore, i faith, twas strange, twas passing strange;Twas pitiful, twas wondrous pitiful.She wished she had not heard it; yet she wishedThat heaven had made her such a man. She thanked me;And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her,I should but teach him how to tell my story,And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake.She loved me for the dangers I had passed,And I loved her that she did pity them.This only is the witchcraft I have used.Here comes the lady. Let her witness it.

Santiago The Hemingway Hero Essay Essay Example

Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay Paper The book Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is one like most Hemingway books. It contains. like most of his plants. concealed significances in the texts. Not merely that. but the chief character is one of an adventuresome. glamourous life style. much like Hemingway himself. Santiago. the chief character of The Old Man and the Sea. has been debated over the subject as to whether or non he is really worthy to be deemed a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † The â€Å"Hemingway Hero† In each of Hemingway’s books. he puts uniqueness in each chief character that remains true throughout all his books. This singularity is a combination of qualities that place the character in a class of a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † What precisely are these qualities? Well. foremost away. a Hemingway Hero depends entirely on himself. and is wholly autonomous: a lone wolf at bosom. â€Å"Participating in Nature makes the Hemingway Hero experience alive and invigorated. for nature offers him an chance to prove his accomplishments through signifiers of competition. such as hunting and fishing. † ( Dwiggins ) . Therefore. a Hemingway Hero besides enjoys nature. every bit far as to the point of coinciding or even looking to trust on Natures Company. It is normally a male. who would confront danger volitionally because he believes that his worth as a adult male is measured by his ability to digest. A hero made by Hemingway positions personal force ( healthy competition bet ween two worthy oppositions ) as something necessary and good to life. We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Hemingway Hero. by viing with an every bit skilled opposition. can turn out his manhood through such testing of endurance. bravery. strength. and spirit. He faces Death as any human. nevertheless. see a battle to the decease as an ultimate challenge of his worth. and progresss to confront such challenges with supreme self-respect. Although the hero does this. he is seldom satisfied on his life or achievements. and proves himself once more and once more. He holds utmost familiarity with nature. keeping a deep grasp for her sights. sounds. and odors. Most of all. the Hemingway Hero displays four really of import qualities that finally complete the being as a Hemingway Hero. These qualities are bravery. award. endurance. and â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Courage The chief character Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea completes his offshore journey. tests. and trials with much bravery indoors. â€Å"Santiago. throughout his adversities of his three-day battle with the marlin. shows bravery by maintaining at the undertaking. no affair how tired he gets. and ‘going the distance. ’ ( Dwiggins ) . This â€Å"going the distance† she speaks of is non merely the fact that he went the distance by keeping onto the marlin. and non allowing it travel. but besides traveling out further than the remainder of the fisherman usually would. Not merely did he travel further than the fisherman in that factor. but besides in the factor of vowing for a battle with the Marlin to the decease. He was non traveling to allow travel. no affair the cost. â€Å"Just as Santiago goes ‘far out’ beyond the lesser aspirations of the other fishermen. he finds the great fish non merely because he was the better fisherman. but because. in a symbolic sense. he deserves it. † ( Davis 6 ) . Why does Santiago merit this great gimmick? Well. merely put. he had the bravery to travel out and look for it. unlike the other fishermen. Besides. to travel out every bit far as he did uncover another thought of his bravery. His boat could hold easy capsized. or he could’ve gotten lost out in the deep blue sea. The bravery to travel out every bit far as he did assist his nomination for the award of being named a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † Award Honor is another clearly shown feature of Santiago throughout The Old Man and the Sea. â€Å"Furthermore it helps him gain the deeper regard of the small town fisherman and secures him a prized company of the boy–he knows that he will neer hold to digest such an heroic poem battle in his full life. † ( Mitchell 506 ) . The deeper regard of the fisherman and besides the company of the male child are a type of award that is really particular. Santiago. in footings of this type or award. has earned it severally. and deserves to be recognized. However. non merely is it earned. it is shown off in a slightly proud mode through his action in the book. â€Å"Santiago stands entirely in the degree of his committedness to his trade and in his function as the hero who must prove himself against his ain infirmity. His defence against the entropy of the experience is precision†¦The value of such a method is confirmed by the presence of the Great fish†¦he finds the great fish no merely because he was a better fisherman. but because. in a symbolic sense. he deserves it†¦Such a deep concern with the quality of Santiago’s actions reflects Hemingway’s ain concern with style†¦the more brave the act. the greater it’s beauty. lucidity. and ethical pureness. † ( Davis 5-6 ) . Santiago’s committedness to angling entirely is a behaviour that deserves to be honored. as most fishermen after 80 plus yearss of fishless returns to the small town. Catching such a great sized fish deserves honor. as seeking his best to support it from sharks. With his brave act. it increases his award in its ain beauty. and lucidity. As you can see. Santiago displays great sums of award throughout his ordeal. and non merely shows it. and earns it. but besides lightly flaunts it in the terminal. Endurance Specifying the â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † one can non overlook the feature of endurance throughout The Old Man and the Sea. Santiago’s Struggle is genuinely a trial. and in the terminal. a conquered effort of endurance. He fights the Marlin. despite the hurting and achings all over his organic structure he suffers. Not merely is Santiago digesting physical things. but he is besides digesting the fact of being socially isolated from the small town throughout the narrative. â€Å"Despite holding received a bad trade from the universe. the Hemingway Hero preserves in his hunt for a good life. making his ain intending out of the pandemonium of being. † ( Magill 1171 ) . Harmonizing to Frank N. Magill. Santiago has received following to nil from the universe. yet he still endures whatever may be put upon him ; he neer backs down from a challenge. Besides. one time he has begun a challenge. he will non halt until the undertaking is complete. or decease. It will be either him or the Marlin. Hemingway’s Heroes normally have a history. or are presently being scarred by some kind of traumatising experience. including war. or force. In comparing with Santiago. it proves true with the fact that Santiago is in fact enduring. and puts him closer to the rubric or a Hemingway Hero. â€Å"Grace under Pressure† Despite holding all the qualities of bravery. award. and endurance. one can non be even considered without the feature of holding â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † â€Å"Despite his losing the Marlin to sharks. Santiago maintains a purposive. peaceable resoluteness with his destiny. a epic self-respect typifying the â€Å"victory in defeat† ideal that Hemingway recurrently addressed in his fiction. † ( Harris 172 ) . As Stated by Harris. Santiago maintains his act of â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † but what about the beginning of the Novel? Does he larn to maintain â€Å"grace under pressure† through his ordeal? Or has he already achieved this addition before traveling out. â€Å"Santiago at the start is more like. say. a husbandman who has a series of hapless crops. His quandary is that of mean humanity in its daily attempt to maintain traveling. That is why he is more loosely representative of the human race than any other Hemingway character. † ( Hovey 3 ) . Clearly. Santiago learned this â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † but it was before the start of the book. when his bad fortune started. Although he learned it before the ordeal. it took his test and trial with the Marlin to be able for a reader to clearly acknowledge the show. Santiago’s ordeal is much like the crucifixion. as he has â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † like Christ on the cross ( Stoltzfus 7 ) . Santiago. in his pursuit to go a Hemingway Hero. has expeditiously achieved the quality of â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Santiago. the chief character. of The Old Man and the Sea has easy achieved the all of import character traits of holding award. bravery. endurance. and â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Through this cognition. we can clearly. and eventually reason that Santiago can so be deemed a Hemingway Hero. Plants Cited Davis. Carl. â€Å"Overview of The Old Man and the Sea. † Researching Novels ( 2003 ) : Student resource centre. Lee High School Library. Midland. TX. 18 March 2004. . Dwiggins. Mary. Hemingway Defines the Code Hero as. Millikin University. 18 April 2004. . Harris. Laurie Lanzen. Fictional characters in twentieth Century Literature. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. . 1990. 167-168. Hovey. Richard B. â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea: A new Hemingway Hero. † Discourse: A Review of Liberal Arts. Vol. IX. No 3 ( Summer 1996 ) : 283-94. Magill. Frank N. Ed. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Pasadena: Salem Press. 1991. 1595-1607. Mitchell. Sharie P. A Guide to American Literature. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: Bantam Books. 1998. Stoltzfus. Ben. â€Å"Gide and Hemingway: Rebels against God. † Exploring Novels ( 2003 ) : 39t. Students Resource Center. Lee High School Library. Midland. TX. 18 March 2004. .

Legal systems (1000 words) Essays

Legal systems (1000 words) Essays Legal systems (1000 words) Essay Legal systems (1000 words) Essay Legal systems( 1000 words ) English jurisprudence is based upon a common jurisprudence system. This developed historically because of the fact that prior to the Norman Conquest, there were assorted different legal systems regulating different parts of the British Isles, each reflecting the influence of peculiar encroachers ( such as the Norse in northern England ) . Gradually, rules and patterns of jurisprudence that were common to each of these vicinities emerged, and were imposed around the state by representatives of the monarchy. The rule ofstare decisisemerged, which led finally to the philosophy of adhering case in point. The English legal system, so, is a common jurisprudence system, which adapts to the altering social demands of the age. Common jurisprudence systems ( where there is something of a balance between Torahs made by the legislative assembly, and those made by the bench ) can be contrasted with civil jurisprudence systems, which dominate on much of Continental Europe. Civil jurisprudence systems have traditionally been to a great extent influenced by the Gallic Civil Code, with its Napoleonic heritage. In civil jurisprudence systems, the primary beginning of the jurisprudence is the fundamental law or civil codification. From this stems other jurisprudence. Although the English legal system is non the lone common jurisprudence system in the universe ( the system was, for illustration, exported to many of her settlements and districts during her imperial enlargement ) , the English common jurisprudence can be said to be a alone system, as it has historically developed in a peculiar manner. The advantaged of the English common jurisprudence system include the certainty it affords. This was the primary ground for the historical origin of the common jurisprudence (stare decisis) . This means that people can hold a better thought of how the tribunals will handle their peculiar instance or fortunes, based on old correspondent instances. Certainty is a cardinal rule of the regulation of jurisprudence, and the common jurisprudence therefore aids in this. Linked to this advantage is the fact that unlike a statute system of regulations that have been developed in abstract, the common jurisprudence is based on response to existent state of affairss with all their complexnesss and niceties. There will be less trust in the common jurisprudence on theory and logic than in statutory jurisprudence or codified jurisprudence. This assists it in being more kindred to state of affairss that litigators will happen themselves in. The major advantage of the common jurisprudence system over more stiff civil systems is its comparative flexibleness. For the grounds outlined above, Judgess can ( and do ) develop the common jurisprudence on a individual footing in order to react to the altering demands f society, and to reflect altering socio-political norms and values. It is far quicker ( and easier ) for a justice to do a opinion in a major instance to amend the jurisprudence in a peculiar country, than it is for Parliament to outline, argument and base on balls the relevant statute law. Such is the extent of this flexibleness that some observers ( notably Hayek ) have called for the common jurisprudence ( that is, made by Judgess ) to replace legislative act as the primary beginning of the jurisprudence, with every bit small statute law as possible coming from Parliament. He applies a instead rightist market force analysis to his thoughts, proposing that strong robust ( and correct ) Torahs will defy the forces of social development, while less robust or wrong 1s will non. This reflects the grade of the sensed advantages of the common jurisprudence. Despite this, nevertheless, common jurisprudence systems besides have a figure of disadvantages. Foremost amongst these is the sheer volume of legal stuff that such a system produces. There are many 1000s of distinct instances, many with drawn-out studies. These studies must be scrutinised in item in order to pull out the relevantratio decidendi( that is, the legal logical thinking for the opinion ) . A major unfavorable judgment of common jurisprudence systems is that it can be difficult to turn up and pull out the relevant rules due to the volume of stuff. A farther unfavorable judgment is based on the rule of adhering case in point, which means that Judgess must follow case in point even if they disagree with it. The philosophy besides leads to Judgess separating basically similar instances on tenuous evidences in order to utilize or avoid a case in point that they consider to be appropriate. This has been said on juncture to take a high grade of capriciousness based on unlogical, and frequently unreal, differentiations. The common jurisprudence, as has been identified, develops on a individual footing, and this has been seen to be one of its rule advantages over more stiff civil jurisprudence systems, affording it the flexibleness to react to altering fortunes. There is besides an built-in disadvantage in this, nevertheless, based on the fact that the common jurisprudence does non supply a comprehensive legal codification ( because of its piecemeal development ) . Here one can see a comparative virtue of comprehensive civil codifications puting out the whole jurisprudence associating to peculiar issues. A important difference between the common jurisprudence system and civil systems is the issue of the consequence of new jurisprudence. Statutory jurisprudence ( and civil jurisprudence ) is based on the rule that it is unfair to hold retroactive consequence ( that is to state it would be unjust to keep that person was in breach of the jurisprudence by making an act that at the clip, was non a breach ) . Changes to the jurisprudence that are made by instances, nevertheless, will use retroactively, as they will be applied to the facts of the current instance ( which of class, have already happened ) . This was an issue in the controversial instance ofSW V United Kingdom( 1995 ) in which the two suspects, accused of ravishing their married womans, brought an action before the European Court of Human Rights avering that their rights under Article 7 had been violated by doing a condemnable jurisprudence have retroactive consequence. The Court dismissed this, nevertheless, stating there wa s no misdemeanor provided developments could be clearly foreseen. This, so, represents the cardinal differences between common jurisprudence systems ( of which England and Wales is a premier illustration ) and civil jurisprudence systems, which tend to predominate in Continental Europe, and which are normally to a great extent influenced by the Napoleonic French Civil Code.

Understanding Americas Digital Divide

Understanding America's Digital Divide While America’s once vast digital divide is narrowing, the gap between groups of people who have those who lack access to computers and the internet persists, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. What is the Digital Divide? The term â€Å"digital divide† refers to the gap between those who have easy access to computers and the internet and those who do not due to various demographic factors. Once referring mainly to the gap between those with and without access to information shared via telephones, radios, or televisions, the term is now used mainly to describe the gap between those with and without internet access, particularly high-speed broadband. Despite having some level of access to digital information and communication technologies, various groups continue to suffer the limitations of the digital divide in the form of lower-performance computers and slower, unreliable internet connections such as dial-up. Making quantifying the information gap even more complex, the list of devices used to connect to the internet has grown from basic desktop computers to include devices such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, MP3 music players, video gaming consoles, and electronic readers. No longer simply a question of having access or not, the digital divide is now best described as â€Å"who connects to what and how?† Or as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Chairman Ajit Pai described it, the gap between â€Å"those who can use cutting-edge communications services and those who cannot.† Drawbacks of Being in the Divide Persons without access to computers and the internet are less able to fully take part in America’s modern economic, political and social life. Perhaps most significantly, children who fall into the communication gap lack access to modern educational technology such as internet-based distance learning. Access to broadband internet has become increasingly important in carrying out simple day-to-day chores like accessing health information, online banking, choosing a place to live, applying for jobs, looking up government services, and taking classes. Just as when the problem was first recognized and addressed by the U.S. federal government in 1998, the digital divide remains concentrated among older, less educated, and less affluent populations, as well as those living in rural areas of the country that tend to have fewer connectivity choices and slower internet connections. Progress in Closing the Divide For historical perspective, the Apple-I personal computer went on sale in 1976. The first IBM PC hit the stores in 1981, and in 1992, the term â€Å"surfing the internet† was coined. In 1984, only 8% of all American households had a computer, according to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). By 2000, about half of all households (51%) had a computer. In 2015, this percentage grew to nearly 80%. Adding in smartphones, tablets and other internet-enabled devices, the percentage rose to 87% in 2015. However, just owning computers and connecting them to the internet are two different things. When the Census Bureau began collecting data on internet use as well as computer ownership in 1997, only 18% of households used the internet. A decade later, in 2007, this percentage had more than tripled to 62% and increased to 73% in 2015. Of the 73% of households using the internet, 77% had a high-speed, broadband connection. So who are the Americans still in the digital divide? According to the latest Census Bureau report on Computer and Internet Use in the United States compiled in 2015, both computer and internet use continue to vary based on a variety of factors, most notably, age, income, and geographic location. The Age Gap Households headed by persons 65 years and older continue to lag behind households headed by younger persons in both computer ownership and internet use. While up to 85% of households headed by a person under age 44 owned desktop or laptop computers, only 65% of households headed by a person age 65 and older owned or used a desktop or laptop in 2015. Ownership and use of handheld computers showed an even greater variation by age. While up to 90% of households headed by a person less than 44 years of age had a handheld computer, only 47% of households headed by a person 65 years and older used some type of handheld device. Similarly, while up to 84% of households headed by a person less than 44 years of age had a broadband internet connection, the same was true in only 62% of households headed by a person aged 65 and older. Interestingly, 8% of households without a desktop or laptop computer depended on smartphones alone for internet connectivity. This group included 8% of householders ages 15 to 34, versus 2% of households with householders age 65 and older. Of course, the age gap is expected narrow naturally as younger current computer and internet users grow older. The Income Gap Not surprisingly, the Census Bureau found that using a computer, whether a desktop or laptop or handheld computer, increased with household income. The same pattern was observed for a broadband internet subscription. For example, 73% of households with annual incomes of $25,000 to $49,999 owned or used a desktop or laptop, compared with only 52% of households earning less than $25,000. â€Å"Low-income households had the lowest overall connectivity, but the highest proportion of ‘handheld only’ households,† said Census Bureau demographer Camille Ryan. â€Å"Similarly, black and Hispanic households had relatively low connectivity overall but high proportions of handheld only households. As mobile devices continue to evolve and increase in popularity, it will be interesting to see what happens with this group.† The Urban vs. Rural Gap The longstanding gap in computer and internet use between urban and rural Americans not only persists but is growing wider with the increased adoption of new technologies such as the smartphone and social media. In 2015, all persons living in rural areas were less likely to use the internet than their urban counterparts. However, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NITA) found that certain groups of rural residents face a particularly wide digital divide. For example, 78% of Whites, 68% of African Americans, and 66% of Latinos nationwide use the internet. In rural areas, however, only 70% of White Americans had adopted the Internet, compared to 59% of African Americans and 61% of Latinos. Even as internet use has increased dramatically overall, the rural vs. urban gap remains. In 1998, 28% of Americans living in rural areas used the Internet, compared to 34% of those in urban areas. In 2015, over 75% of urban Americans used the internet, compared to 69% of those in rural areas. As NITA points out, the data shows a consistent 6% to 9% gap between rural and urban communities internet use over time. This trend, says NITA, shows that in spite of advances in technology and government policy, the barriers to internet use in rural America are complex and persistent. People who are less likely to use the internet no matter where they live- such as those with lower income or education level- face even greater disadvantages in rural areas. In the words of the FCC chairman, â€Å"If you live in rural America, there’s a better than a 1-in-4 chance that you lack access to fixed high-speed broadband at home, compared to a 1-in-50 probability in our cities.† In an effort to address the problem, the FCC in February 2017, created the Connect America Fund allocating up to $4.53 billion over a period of 10 years to advance high-speed 4G LTE wireless internet service primarily in rural areas. Guidelines regulating the fund will make it easier for rural communities to get federal subsidies for advancing internet availability.

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example It raised questions about the humanity of the people at the helm of affairs and also questioned the political will of the nation’s system of governance whereby the sincerity of the nation’s political establishment in creating a certain amount of parity within the population is rendered suspect. There are other aspects of this movement and the government’s response that need to be looked into. Apart from not offering any tax sops to the common man and talks of doing away with tax-cuts that were offered during the Bush-era, the government had fuelled the anger of the common man. The brutalities that were carried out upon the protestors by the police came out in the open only due to the work of independent cameramen who were not associated with any news agency. The incidents that occurred during the movement thus bring to light the role of the media as well in the success or failure of such movements. The movement is described by itself as being the result of a seri es of movements that supports democracy. These, the movement claims, includes the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt where the common man protested against the marginalization of a majority of the population for the purpose of the welfare of the minority that constituted the ruling elite (Occupy Wall Street: The Revolution Continues Worldwide, n.d.). Having this as a moral backing definitely provides a cushion for the movement in terms of the support that it would be able to gather at an international level. There is thus an element of diplomatic support that the supporters of the movement expected to get through their efforts for an equitable society in which everybody would be provided with equal opportunities. In the absence of this, people would live lives whereby their work would be used for the benefit of others and not themselves. Apart from the moral degeneracy of this position, there is also the fact of its unsustainability from an economic point of view that needs to be looked into. The creativity that is necessary for a happy nation and society and a robust economy would be lacking in case the demands that were raised by the movement are ignored. The brutalities that were practiced for the quelling of the revolution also point to the development of a state which brooks no dissent, thus stunting the intellectual growth of the nation and also constructive thought that may lead to a better way of managing the economy. If one looks at these problems from a utilitarian perspective, one would feel that the movement and the rationale behind it need to be lauded. The principle that the movement fought for, a good life for the majority of the citizens of the country, is similar to what the Utilitarian philosophers of the Victorian age proposed. They sought a political system that would make the majority of the people within a society happy. This would be possible in an equitable society where people receive equal opportunities to make their lives better. The mov ement thus almost seems to be driven by a utilitarian philosophy which would lead to the happiness of the masses and not just the ruling elite. This points to a sad situation where there is a great disjunction between the two.  Ã‚