Aging Bias For The Elderly - 1446 Words

It is important to understand that patients have been experiencing aging bias for a very long time. It is also evident in the medical profession as well, and one needs to do more to ensure that everyone is treated fairly especially the elderly patients. The elderly patients need to treat with the utmost respect and dignity. One needs to understand that the elderly are the ones who pave the way for the younger generation. Therefore, it is important that one takes the time out of their busy assignments to listen to what the older patients have to say and respond to them in an appropriate manner. This paper will discuss how aging has impact one nursing practice, aging bias that one has witnessed during their nursing practice, and a community plan to discuss aging bias. Aging Bias It is important to note that whenever one comes across an elderly person, whether it would be working or on the train. It is important to always make it one’s point of duty to ensure that the elderly is comfortable. If the elderly person is standing and one is sitting, it would be the right thing to do by offering the seat to the individual, this also goes for nursing as well. Whenever one is working with an elderly person, it is important that one treat them like their grandparents, that is, with the utmost respect and dignity that they deserve. Also, if they are from a different culture or background, one would always try to learn something new from that culture. It is important to treat everyone theShow MoreRelatedIs Ageism The Intentional And Subconscious Discrimination Against Older Adults? Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesyounger generation does not understand that and dismisses the elderly. Showing respect and dignity to the older adult (OA) should be a courtesy ingrain ed in each of us, sadly, that has been forgotten in today’s society. The younger generations must learn the importance of respecting and take the time to listen to what the OA has to say and spend quality time with them. Children should be taught from an early age to treat the elderly with respect and dignity, and it should be carried with them throughoutRead MoreGender, Discrimination, Bias, And The Hostility Against Older People942 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscrimination, bias, and the enmity against older people. A great example of ageism is rejecting an older job applicants in favor of a younger one. Three theory apply to aging the elderly. Our first theory is called structural-functional theory. As the author of our textbook, John Macionis, agrees that this approach views society as a complex, but interconnected system, where each part works together as a functional whole (p.16). The author of the book applies this approach to the aging topic and showRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Elderly1582 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. The effect of the elderly living longer is that the occurrence of illness and disabilities, as well as recovery time, is increased (Lovell, 2006). Associated with this is the increase in demand for health care resources, and the negative stereotype of the elderly being an economic burden (Lovell, 2006). The stereotype of the elderly being frail is perpetuated by the media’s promotion of youth and vitality, as well as the biased reporting of the negative impacts of aging (Lovell, 2006). HoweverRead MoreReflection Paper On Aging1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe e mbodied aging and experience by creating a storyline based on the character, Billy, shared the good news of him finally proposing to his much younger girlfriend with his dearest friends and wanted them to be supportive in his decision-making. All four friends decided to escape from their daily lives a couple of days in order to throw a bachelor party together for Billy in Las Vegas (Last Vegas, 2013). They have been best friends since childhood, yet have experienced a different aging journey (LastRead MoreThe Treatment Of Muscle Mass Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesweight. Their function is to provide the body movement, strength, respiration, balance, posture and to regulate the temperature (Lenk et al., 2010). Sarcopenia has since been defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. ( Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010). Sarcopenia is considered one of the geriatric syndromes because its prevalence in older populations (Chien, et al 2008). Sarcopenia leads to functional disabilities, decrease mobility, falls, and fractures, which leadRead MorePico : Depression : Pico1296 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzed to form the answer to the Pico question. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a question and research on the topic of depression in the elderly, using the PICO format. Part 1: Pico Analyses of Research Topic Depression is lack of enjoyment and a general feeling of sadness (Brouwer-Brolsma,et al., 2015). It can happen to all ages, but, the elderly are, especially prone (Brouwer-Brolsma,et al., 2015). It is often misdiagnosed, because many of the symptoms such as, irritability, sleep disturbancesRead MoreThe Population Of The United States900 Words   |  4 Pages With the continual increase in the elder population, whether or not an aging population is beneficial to society has become widely debatable. While many believe that this top-heavy type of population distribution poses a colossal obstacle in terms of economic development in the long run, others maintain that it is a testament to the development of a society. Given that a high proportion of elderly citizens puts immense pressure on the working force and would be a burden on the healthcareRead MoreThe Face Of The Hiv Epidemic Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pages The face of the HIV epidemic has changed. People ages 50 and older now represent the fastest growing segment of HIV positive adults in the United States (Sankar et al, 2011). A workshop on HIV Infection and Aging estimated that by 2015, adults aged 50 and older will make up approximately 50% of all HIV/AIDS in the U.S. (Effros et al, 2008). Factors, including decreased efficiency of the immune system and decreased likelihood that older adults have been tested for HIV, increase the vulnerabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination of any age group, however for this essay, it will be used in the context of discrimination of the elderly population. The elderly population accounts for 50% of hospital stays, 70% of home health services and 90% of residents in aged care homes where a further 90% of residents fall victim to and experience ageism throughout their stay (Fitzpatrick Kazer, 2012). The eld erly account for such a large proportion of the population using healthcare services, therefore, in turn, is the reasonRead MoreWorking With The Elderly Population1475 Words   |  6 Pagesyears in my life I knew that I had a passion to care for the elderly (aging) population. From this passion, it ignited a fire so strong that I pursue my certified nursing assistant certification to gain a better understanding of working with the elderly population. By doing so, it has been a great benefit to my life; aging is an inevitable experience that we all will go through during our life. It is important to ensure that our elderly individuals are still able to enjoy the best quality of life

Gender Prejudices - 1361 Words

Gender Prejudices â€Å"Women need to..† is the first line featured in the new ad campaign for UN Women, an organization focusing on the gender equality and the empowerment of women. The ad features a woman with a Google search bar obscuring her mouth and autocomplete results for the incomplete phrase â€Å"women need to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These include â€Å"women need to be put in their place†, â€Å"women need to know their place†, â€Å"women need to be controlled†, and â€Å"women need to be disciplined†. The small print of each ad also reads â€Å"Actual Google search on 09/03/13.† UN Women successfully uses these results to illustrate the still- present ideas of sexual discrimination. However, an analysis and synthesis between this campaign ad and articles related to the plight†¦show more content†¦The first sixteen Articles called for the states to take proper measure to ensure women’s civil, economic, political, cultural and legal equality. Of those present, only 44 expressed that they would not implement certain provisions on constitutional, political, cultural or religious grounds (Deen). This was a massive step in women’s rights and called for much needed action, with such a profound number of countries participating it can’t be denied that progress was made and still continues today. These continued efforts can be seen around the world. â€Å"According to the UN, 173 countries now guarantee paid maternity leave, 139 constitutions guarantee gender equality, 125 prohibit domestic violence, 117 outlaw sexual harassment, and 117 have equal pay† (Austin). Women have also found jobs in high- ranking positions across the world. As of January 2011, 51 percent of the Rwandan governing body is female. Women represent 30 percent of more of the legislation of Cuba, Costa Rica, Spain, South Africa, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Germany, New Zealand, Tanzania, Iceland, Macedonia, Mozambique, Angola, Finland, Guyana, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina. (Austin) By placing themselves in these top positions, women are taking the opportunity to reform and create more progressive laws for the betterment of all women around the world. With this trend continuing, and the progress so far, one can only imagine what theShow MoreRelatedClass and Gender Representations in Pride and Prejudice969 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austin uses the novel Pride and Prejudice to comment on both class and gender expectations within a fixed society. She questions both the class stratification of the time, and the unreasonable expectations placed on gender, and the inequality between males and females. Written in 1796, Austin lived during the regency period, in which the novel is based and understood both the issues she was commenting on. Austin used setting, and descriptions of the estates to give information on the charactersRead MoreGender Roles and Prejudice Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles and Prejudice Gender roles in our society are based on prejudice is an essay about the ways in which we stereotype each gender. These stereotypes lead the children, through socialisation, to conform to the way in which both male and females are supposed to act in society. For example, the male stereotype in supposed to have physical strength, be aggressive and competitive characteristics, whereas female characteristics are supposed to be sensitive, caringRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Prejudice1130 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality and racial prejudice are alive and well in the United States and around the world despite the strides that have been made here over the past fifty years. Over time fixed notions about gender differences have been interwoven into the fabric of society, each leading to complex interactions among people. Traditionally, most of these rigid views have supported the dominance of men and the subservience of women in most social structures. In her article entitled: Mapping the Margins:Read MoreGender Experience and Prejudice in the Workplace Essay503 Words   |  3 Pagesas a RNA at duke she told my brother not to get in this profession. it is hard to do this job being as a men. Many individuals feel that a man does not belong in a feminine profession. I believe that statement to be untrue and unfair. The issue of gender discrimination in nursing is the same as oth er professions. The only difference is nursing is dominated by women, and men are the minority fighting for equality. Male nurses may belong, but there is not still many around. According to the U.S. LaborRead MoreMarriage in Pride and Prejudice Defined by Gender, Social Class, and Family 1800 Words   |  8 Pages Jane Austen’s novel is commanded by women; Pride and Prejudice explores the expectations of women in a society that is set at the turn of the 19th century. Throughout the plot, Austen’s female characters are all influenced by their peers, pressures from their family, and their own desires. The social struggle of men and women is seen throughout the novel. Characters, like Elizabeth, are examples of females not acting as proper as women were supposed to, while other women like Mrs. Bennett allowRead MoreThe Prejudice Of Race And Gender1365 Words   |  6 Pagessame time it was the only way to get by and get ahead by complying. The narrative is a powerful representation of social conflict that existed during the 1930’s and 1940’s and is portrayed by the discrimination of race and gender. In this analysis you will see how race and gender are associated and how sometimes the combination can constrain one another. In this society the narrator and all his schoolmates are seen as lower than the â€Å"big shots† and when the narrator goes to give his speech for theRead MoreGender Roles for Women in Pride and Prejudice897 Words   |  4 PagesAva Cotliar Cockrill English 10 B 2 Ferbruary 2011 Gender Roles for Women in Pride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice represents life in the middle and upper classes in the 19th century. Jane Austen, the author, does an excellent job of differentiating the status and roles that people play. Georgiana Darcy, the Bennet sisters, and Charlotte Lucas are limited in their opportunities because of their social class, gender, and birthright. Being born into a high social class leavesRead MoreEssay On Gender Roles In Pride And Prejudice750 Words   |  3 PagesPride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, Mrs. Bennet, Charlotte Lucas, and Caroline Bingley are three characters that fit completely into the gender roles of their time period. These three share a common interest of marrying a man, and almost handing their free will away at the expense of security in life. These characters would rather be sheep on a farm than expose their true feelings and become the one that leads the mob, not the one following everyone else. Many characters in Pride and Prejudice have,Read MoreHow Gender Discrimination Is Not The Only Type Of Prejudice1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfrail, fragile, servants. Despite being sharp-witted Miss Maudie can not serve on a jury and people cringe at the sight of little Scout in overalls. Gender discrimination is certainly not the only type of prejudice that takes place in this classic novel or the world today; social class and race are also discriminated against. Furthermore, with gender discrimination in To Kill a Mockingbird, when Jem calls Scout a girl, she takes it as an insult. Because Aunt Alexandra is staying with Scout’s familyRead MorePrejudice On The Basis Of Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation976 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice on the basis of race, gender, and sexual orientation is undeniably a prominent aspect of any society. As the media is a reflection of the society in which it exists, it can be assumed that such prejudiced ideals will be represented in it. Whether or not the media is racist, sexist and homophobic is a controversial topic as every individual member of society has a differing opinion on the matter, usually on account of their own race, etc, and their experiences with discrimination. In order

OTHELLO Analysis Essay Example For Students

OTHELLO Analysis Essay A monologue from the play by William ShakespeareOTHELLO: Her father loved me, oft invited me;Still questioned me the story of my lifeFrom year to year the battles, sieges, fortunesThat I have passed.I ran it through, even from my boyish daysTo th very moment that he bade me tell it. Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances,Of moving accidents by flood and field;Of hairbreadth scapes i the imminent deadly breach;Of being taken by the insolent foeAnd sold to slavery; of my redemption thenceAnd portance in my travels history;Wherein of anters vast and deserts idle,Rough quarries, rocks, and hills whose heads touch heaven,It was my hint to speak such was the process;And of the Cannibals that each other eat,The Anthropophagi, and men whose headsDo grow beneath their shoulders. This to hearWould Desdemona seriously incline;But still the house affairs would draw her thence;Which ever she could with haste dispatch,Shed come again, and with a greedy earDevour up my discourse. Which I observing,Took once a pliant hour, and found good meansTo draw from her a prayer of earnest heartThat I would all my pilgrimage dilate,Whereof by parcels she had something heard,But not intentively. I did consent,And often did beguile her of her tearsWhen I did speak of some distressful s trokeThat my youth suffered. My story being done,She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.She swore, i faith, twas strange, twas passing strange;Twas pitiful, twas wondrous pitiful.She wished she had not heard it; yet she wishedThat heaven had made her such a man. She thanked me;And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her,I should but teach him how to tell my story,And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake.She loved me for the dangers I had passed,And I loved her that she did pity them.This only is the witchcraft I have used.Here comes the lady. Let her witness it.

Santiago The Hemingway Hero Essay Essay Example

Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay Paper The book Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is one like most Hemingway books. It contains. like most of his plants. concealed significances in the texts. Not merely that. but the chief character is one of an adventuresome. glamourous life style. much like Hemingway himself. Santiago. the chief character of The Old Man and the Sea. has been debated over the subject as to whether or non he is really worthy to be deemed a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † The â€Å"Hemingway Hero† In each of Hemingway’s books. he puts uniqueness in each chief character that remains true throughout all his books. This singularity is a combination of qualities that place the character in a class of a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † What precisely are these qualities? Well. foremost away. a Hemingway Hero depends entirely on himself. and is wholly autonomous: a lone wolf at bosom. â€Å"Participating in Nature makes the Hemingway Hero experience alive and invigorated. for nature offers him an chance to prove his accomplishments through signifiers of competition. such as hunting and fishing. † ( Dwiggins ) . Therefore. a Hemingway Hero besides enjoys nature. every bit far as to the point of coinciding or even looking to trust on Natures Company. It is normally a male. who would confront danger volitionally because he believes that his worth as a adult male is measured by his ability to digest. A hero made by Hemingway positions personal force ( healthy competition bet ween two worthy oppositions ) as something necessary and good to life. We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Santiago: The Hemingway Hero Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Hemingway Hero. by viing with an every bit skilled opposition. can turn out his manhood through such testing of endurance. bravery. strength. and spirit. He faces Death as any human. nevertheless. see a battle to the decease as an ultimate challenge of his worth. and progresss to confront such challenges with supreme self-respect. Although the hero does this. he is seldom satisfied on his life or achievements. and proves himself once more and once more. He holds utmost familiarity with nature. keeping a deep grasp for her sights. sounds. and odors. Most of all. the Hemingway Hero displays four really of import qualities that finally complete the being as a Hemingway Hero. These qualities are bravery. award. endurance. and â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Courage The chief character Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea completes his offshore journey. tests. and trials with much bravery indoors. â€Å"Santiago. throughout his adversities of his three-day battle with the marlin. shows bravery by maintaining at the undertaking. no affair how tired he gets. and ‘going the distance. ’ ( Dwiggins ) . This â€Å"going the distance† she speaks of is non merely the fact that he went the distance by keeping onto the marlin. and non allowing it travel. but besides traveling out further than the remainder of the fisherman usually would. Not merely did he travel further than the fisherman in that factor. but besides in the factor of vowing for a battle with the Marlin to the decease. He was non traveling to allow travel. no affair the cost. â€Å"Just as Santiago goes ‘far out’ beyond the lesser aspirations of the other fishermen. he finds the great fish non merely because he was the better fisherman. but because. in a symbolic sense. he deserves it. † ( Davis 6 ) . Why does Santiago merit this great gimmick? Well. merely put. he had the bravery to travel out and look for it. unlike the other fishermen. Besides. to travel out every bit far as he did uncover another thought of his bravery. His boat could hold easy capsized. or he could’ve gotten lost out in the deep blue sea. The bravery to travel out every bit far as he did assist his nomination for the award of being named a â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † Award Honor is another clearly shown feature of Santiago throughout The Old Man and the Sea. â€Å"Furthermore it helps him gain the deeper regard of the small town fisherman and secures him a prized company of the boy–he knows that he will neer hold to digest such an heroic poem battle in his full life. † ( Mitchell 506 ) . The deeper regard of the fisherman and besides the company of the male child are a type of award that is really particular. Santiago. in footings of this type or award. has earned it severally. and deserves to be recognized. However. non merely is it earned. it is shown off in a slightly proud mode through his action in the book. â€Å"Santiago stands entirely in the degree of his committedness to his trade and in his function as the hero who must prove himself against his ain infirmity. His defence against the entropy of the experience is precision†¦The value of such a method is confirmed by the presence of the Great fish†¦he finds the great fish no merely because he was a better fisherman. but because. in a symbolic sense. he deserves it†¦Such a deep concern with the quality of Santiago’s actions reflects Hemingway’s ain concern with style†¦the more brave the act. the greater it’s beauty. lucidity. and ethical pureness. † ( Davis 5-6 ) . Santiago’s committedness to angling entirely is a behaviour that deserves to be honored. as most fishermen after 80 plus yearss of fishless returns to the small town. Catching such a great sized fish deserves honor. as seeking his best to support it from sharks. With his brave act. it increases his award in its ain beauty. and lucidity. As you can see. Santiago displays great sums of award throughout his ordeal. and non merely shows it. and earns it. but besides lightly flaunts it in the terminal. Endurance Specifying the â€Å"Hemingway Hero. † one can non overlook the feature of endurance throughout The Old Man and the Sea. Santiago’s Struggle is genuinely a trial. and in the terminal. a conquered effort of endurance. He fights the Marlin. despite the hurting and achings all over his organic structure he suffers. Not merely is Santiago digesting physical things. but he is besides digesting the fact of being socially isolated from the small town throughout the narrative. â€Å"Despite holding received a bad trade from the universe. the Hemingway Hero preserves in his hunt for a good life. making his ain intending out of the pandemonium of being. † ( Magill 1171 ) . Harmonizing to Frank N. Magill. Santiago has received following to nil from the universe. yet he still endures whatever may be put upon him ; he neer backs down from a challenge. Besides. one time he has begun a challenge. he will non halt until the undertaking is complete. or decease. It will be either him or the Marlin. Hemingway’s Heroes normally have a history. or are presently being scarred by some kind of traumatising experience. including war. or force. In comparing with Santiago. it proves true with the fact that Santiago is in fact enduring. and puts him closer to the rubric or a Hemingway Hero. â€Å"Grace under Pressure† Despite holding all the qualities of bravery. award. and endurance. one can non be even considered without the feature of holding â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † â€Å"Despite his losing the Marlin to sharks. Santiago maintains a purposive. peaceable resoluteness with his destiny. a epic self-respect typifying the â€Å"victory in defeat† ideal that Hemingway recurrently addressed in his fiction. † ( Harris 172 ) . As Stated by Harris. Santiago maintains his act of â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † but what about the beginning of the Novel? Does he larn to maintain â€Å"grace under pressure† through his ordeal? Or has he already achieved this addition before traveling out. â€Å"Santiago at the start is more like. say. a husbandman who has a series of hapless crops. His quandary is that of mean humanity in its daily attempt to maintain traveling. That is why he is more loosely representative of the human race than any other Hemingway character. † ( Hovey 3 ) . Clearly. Santiago learned this â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † but it was before the start of the book. when his bad fortune started. Although he learned it before the ordeal. it took his test and trial with the Marlin to be able for a reader to clearly acknowledge the show. Santiago’s ordeal is much like the crucifixion. as he has â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † like Christ on the cross ( Stoltzfus 7 ) . Santiago. in his pursuit to go a Hemingway Hero. has expeditiously achieved the quality of â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Santiago. the chief character. of The Old Man and the Sea has easy achieved the all of import character traits of holding award. bravery. endurance. and â€Å"grace under force per unit area. † Through this cognition. we can clearly. and eventually reason that Santiago can so be deemed a Hemingway Hero. Plants Cited Davis. Carl. â€Å"Overview of The Old Man and the Sea. † Researching Novels ( 2003 ) : Student resource centre. Lee High School Library. Midland. TX. 18 March 2004. . Dwiggins. Mary. Hemingway Defines the Code Hero as. Millikin University. 18 April 2004. . Harris. Laurie Lanzen. Fictional characters in twentieth Century Literature. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. . 1990. 167-168. Hovey. Richard B. â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea: A new Hemingway Hero. † Discourse: A Review of Liberal Arts. Vol. IX. No 3 ( Summer 1996 ) : 283-94. Magill. Frank N. Ed. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Pasadena: Salem Press. 1991. 1595-1607. Mitchell. Sharie P. A Guide to American Literature. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: Bantam Books. 1998. Stoltzfus. Ben. â€Å"Gide and Hemingway: Rebels against God. † Exploring Novels ( 2003 ) : 39t. Students Resource Center. Lee High School Library. Midland. TX. 18 March 2004. .

Legal systems (1000 words) Essays

Legal systems (1000 words) Essays Legal systems (1000 words) Essay Legal systems (1000 words) Essay Legal systems( 1000 words ) English jurisprudence is based upon a common jurisprudence system. This developed historically because of the fact that prior to the Norman Conquest, there were assorted different legal systems regulating different parts of the British Isles, each reflecting the influence of peculiar encroachers ( such as the Norse in northern England ) . Gradually, rules and patterns of jurisprudence that were common to each of these vicinities emerged, and were imposed around the state by representatives of the monarchy. The rule ofstare decisisemerged, which led finally to the philosophy of adhering case in point. The English legal system, so, is a common jurisprudence system, which adapts to the altering social demands of the age. Common jurisprudence systems ( where there is something of a balance between Torahs made by the legislative assembly, and those made by the bench ) can be contrasted with civil jurisprudence systems, which dominate on much of Continental Europe. Civil jurisprudence systems have traditionally been to a great extent influenced by the Gallic Civil Code, with its Napoleonic heritage. In civil jurisprudence systems, the primary beginning of the jurisprudence is the fundamental law or civil codification. From this stems other jurisprudence. Although the English legal system is non the lone common jurisprudence system in the universe ( the system was, for illustration, exported to many of her settlements and districts during her imperial enlargement ) , the English common jurisprudence can be said to be a alone system, as it has historically developed in a peculiar manner. The advantaged of the English common jurisprudence system include the certainty it affords. This was the primary ground for the historical origin of the common jurisprudence (stare decisis) . This means that people can hold a better thought of how the tribunals will handle their peculiar instance or fortunes, based on old correspondent instances. Certainty is a cardinal rule of the regulation of jurisprudence, and the common jurisprudence therefore aids in this. Linked to this advantage is the fact that unlike a statute system of regulations that have been developed in abstract, the common jurisprudence is based on response to existent state of affairss with all their complexnesss and niceties. There will be less trust in the common jurisprudence on theory and logic than in statutory jurisprudence or codified jurisprudence. This assists it in being more kindred to state of affairss that litigators will happen themselves in. The major advantage of the common jurisprudence system over more stiff civil systems is its comparative flexibleness. For the grounds outlined above, Judgess can ( and do ) develop the common jurisprudence on a individual footing in order to react to the altering demands f society, and to reflect altering socio-political norms and values. It is far quicker ( and easier ) for a justice to do a opinion in a major instance to amend the jurisprudence in a peculiar country, than it is for Parliament to outline, argument and base on balls the relevant statute law. Such is the extent of this flexibleness that some observers ( notably Hayek ) have called for the common jurisprudence ( that is, made by Judgess ) to replace legislative act as the primary beginning of the jurisprudence, with every bit small statute law as possible coming from Parliament. He applies a instead rightist market force analysis to his thoughts, proposing that strong robust ( and correct ) Torahs will defy the forces of social development, while less robust or wrong 1s will non. This reflects the grade of the sensed advantages of the common jurisprudence. Despite this, nevertheless, common jurisprudence systems besides have a figure of disadvantages. Foremost amongst these is the sheer volume of legal stuff that such a system produces. There are many 1000s of distinct instances, many with drawn-out studies. These studies must be scrutinised in item in order to pull out the relevantratio decidendi( that is, the legal logical thinking for the opinion ) . A major unfavorable judgment of common jurisprudence systems is that it can be difficult to turn up and pull out the relevant rules due to the volume of stuff. A farther unfavorable judgment is based on the rule of adhering case in point, which means that Judgess must follow case in point even if they disagree with it. The philosophy besides leads to Judgess separating basically similar instances on tenuous evidences in order to utilize or avoid a case in point that they consider to be appropriate. This has been said on juncture to take a high grade of capriciousness based on unlogical, and frequently unreal, differentiations. The common jurisprudence, as has been identified, develops on a individual footing, and this has been seen to be one of its rule advantages over more stiff civil jurisprudence systems, affording it the flexibleness to react to altering fortunes. There is besides an built-in disadvantage in this, nevertheless, based on the fact that the common jurisprudence does non supply a comprehensive legal codification ( because of its piecemeal development ) . Here one can see a comparative virtue of comprehensive civil codifications puting out the whole jurisprudence associating to peculiar issues. A important difference between the common jurisprudence system and civil systems is the issue of the consequence of new jurisprudence. Statutory jurisprudence ( and civil jurisprudence ) is based on the rule that it is unfair to hold retroactive consequence ( that is to state it would be unjust to keep that person was in breach of the jurisprudence by making an act that at the clip, was non a breach ) . Changes to the jurisprudence that are made by instances, nevertheless, will use retroactively, as they will be applied to the facts of the current instance ( which of class, have already happened ) . This was an issue in the controversial instance ofSW V United Kingdom( 1995 ) in which the two suspects, accused of ravishing their married womans, brought an action before the European Court of Human Rights avering that their rights under Article 7 had been violated by doing a condemnable jurisprudence have retroactive consequence. The Court dismissed this, nevertheless, stating there wa s no misdemeanor provided developments could be clearly foreseen. This, so, represents the cardinal differences between common jurisprudence systems ( of which England and Wales is a premier illustration ) and civil jurisprudence systems, which tend to predominate in Continental Europe, and which are normally to a great extent influenced by the Napoleonic French Civil Code.

Understanding Americas Digital Divide

Understanding America's Digital Divide While America’s once vast digital divide is narrowing, the gap between groups of people who have those who lack access to computers and the internet persists, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. What is the Digital Divide? The term â€Å"digital divide† refers to the gap between those who have easy access to computers and the internet and those who do not due to various demographic factors. Once referring mainly to the gap between those with and without access to information shared via telephones, radios, or televisions, the term is now used mainly to describe the gap between those with and without internet access, particularly high-speed broadband. Despite having some level of access to digital information and communication technologies, various groups continue to suffer the limitations of the digital divide in the form of lower-performance computers and slower, unreliable internet connections such as dial-up. Making quantifying the information gap even more complex, the list of devices used to connect to the internet has grown from basic desktop computers to include devices such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, MP3 music players, video gaming consoles, and electronic readers. No longer simply a question of having access or not, the digital divide is now best described as â€Å"who connects to what and how?† Or as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Chairman Ajit Pai described it, the gap between â€Å"those who can use cutting-edge communications services and those who cannot.† Drawbacks of Being in the Divide Persons without access to computers and the internet are less able to fully take part in America’s modern economic, political and social life. Perhaps most significantly, children who fall into the communication gap lack access to modern educational technology such as internet-based distance learning. Access to broadband internet has become increasingly important in carrying out simple day-to-day chores like accessing health information, online banking, choosing a place to live, applying for jobs, looking up government services, and taking classes. Just as when the problem was first recognized and addressed by the U.S. federal government in 1998, the digital divide remains concentrated among older, less educated, and less affluent populations, as well as those living in rural areas of the country that tend to have fewer connectivity choices and slower internet connections. Progress in Closing the Divide For historical perspective, the Apple-I personal computer went on sale in 1976. The first IBM PC hit the stores in 1981, and in 1992, the term â€Å"surfing the internet† was coined. In 1984, only 8% of all American households had a computer, according to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). By 2000, about half of all households (51%) had a computer. In 2015, this percentage grew to nearly 80%. Adding in smartphones, tablets and other internet-enabled devices, the percentage rose to 87% in 2015. However, just owning computers and connecting them to the internet are two different things. When the Census Bureau began collecting data on internet use as well as computer ownership in 1997, only 18% of households used the internet. A decade later, in 2007, this percentage had more than tripled to 62% and increased to 73% in 2015. Of the 73% of households using the internet, 77% had a high-speed, broadband connection. So who are the Americans still in the digital divide? According to the latest Census Bureau report on Computer and Internet Use in the United States compiled in 2015, both computer and internet use continue to vary based on a variety of factors, most notably, age, income, and geographic location. The Age Gap Households headed by persons 65 years and older continue to lag behind households headed by younger persons in both computer ownership and internet use. While up to 85% of households headed by a person under age 44 owned desktop or laptop computers, only 65% of households headed by a person age 65 and older owned or used a desktop or laptop in 2015. Ownership and use of handheld computers showed an even greater variation by age. While up to 90% of households headed by a person less than 44 years of age had a handheld computer, only 47% of households headed by a person 65 years and older used some type of handheld device. Similarly, while up to 84% of households headed by a person less than 44 years of age had a broadband internet connection, the same was true in only 62% of households headed by a person aged 65 and older. Interestingly, 8% of households without a desktop or laptop computer depended on smartphones alone for internet connectivity. This group included 8% of householders ages 15 to 34, versus 2% of households with householders age 65 and older. Of course, the age gap is expected narrow naturally as younger current computer and internet users grow older. The Income Gap Not surprisingly, the Census Bureau found that using a computer, whether a desktop or laptop or handheld computer, increased with household income. The same pattern was observed for a broadband internet subscription. For example, 73% of households with annual incomes of $25,000 to $49,999 owned or used a desktop or laptop, compared with only 52% of households earning less than $25,000. â€Å"Low-income households had the lowest overall connectivity, but the highest proportion of ‘handheld only’ households,† said Census Bureau demographer Camille Ryan. â€Å"Similarly, black and Hispanic households had relatively low connectivity overall but high proportions of handheld only households. As mobile devices continue to evolve and increase in popularity, it will be interesting to see what happens with this group.† The Urban vs. Rural Gap The longstanding gap in computer and internet use between urban and rural Americans not only persists but is growing wider with the increased adoption of new technologies such as the smartphone and social media. In 2015, all persons living in rural areas were less likely to use the internet than their urban counterparts. However, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NITA) found that certain groups of rural residents face a particularly wide digital divide. For example, 78% of Whites, 68% of African Americans, and 66% of Latinos nationwide use the internet. In rural areas, however, only 70% of White Americans had adopted the Internet, compared to 59% of African Americans and 61% of Latinos. Even as internet use has increased dramatically overall, the rural vs. urban gap remains. In 1998, 28% of Americans living in rural areas used the Internet, compared to 34% of those in urban areas. In 2015, over 75% of urban Americans used the internet, compared to 69% of those in rural areas. As NITA points out, the data shows a consistent 6% to 9% gap between rural and urban communities internet use over time. This trend, says NITA, shows that in spite of advances in technology and government policy, the barriers to internet use in rural America are complex and persistent. People who are less likely to use the internet no matter where they live- such as those with lower income or education level- face even greater disadvantages in rural areas. In the words of the FCC chairman, â€Å"If you live in rural America, there’s a better than a 1-in-4 chance that you lack access to fixed high-speed broadband at home, compared to a 1-in-50 probability in our cities.† In an effort to address the problem, the FCC in February 2017, created the Connect America Fund allocating up to $4.53 billion over a period of 10 years to advance high-speed 4G LTE wireless internet service primarily in rural areas. Guidelines regulating the fund will make it easier for rural communities to get federal subsidies for advancing internet availability.

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper

The Moral and Economic Implications of the Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example It raised questions about the humanity of the people at the helm of affairs and also questioned the political will of the nation’s system of governance whereby the sincerity of the nation’s political establishment in creating a certain amount of parity within the population is rendered suspect. There are other aspects of this movement and the government’s response that need to be looked into. Apart from not offering any tax sops to the common man and talks of doing away with tax-cuts that were offered during the Bush-era, the government had fuelled the anger of the common man. The brutalities that were carried out upon the protestors by the police came out in the open only due to the work of independent cameramen who were not associated with any news agency. The incidents that occurred during the movement thus bring to light the role of the media as well in the success or failure of such movements. The movement is described by itself as being the result of a seri es of movements that supports democracy. These, the movement claims, includes the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt where the common man protested against the marginalization of a majority of the population for the purpose of the welfare of the minority that constituted the ruling elite (Occupy Wall Street: The Revolution Continues Worldwide, n.d.). Having this as a moral backing definitely provides a cushion for the movement in terms of the support that it would be able to gather at an international level. There is thus an element of diplomatic support that the supporters of the movement expected to get through their efforts for an equitable society in which everybody would be provided with equal opportunities. In the absence of this, people would live lives whereby their work would be used for the benefit of others and not themselves. Apart from the moral degeneracy of this position, there is also the fact of its unsustainability from an economic point of view that needs to be looked into. The creativity that is necessary for a happy nation and society and a robust economy would be lacking in case the demands that were raised by the movement are ignored. The brutalities that were practiced for the quelling of the revolution also point to the development of a state which brooks no dissent, thus stunting the intellectual growth of the nation and also constructive thought that may lead to a better way of managing the economy. If one looks at these problems from a utilitarian perspective, one would feel that the movement and the rationale behind it need to be lauded. The principle that the movement fought for, a good life for the majority of the citizens of the country, is similar to what the Utilitarian philosophers of the Victorian age proposed. They sought a political system that would make the majority of the people within a society happy. This would be possible in an equitable society where people receive equal opportunities to make their lives better. The mov ement thus almost seems to be driven by a utilitarian philosophy which would lead to the happiness of the masses and not just the ruling elite. This points to a sad situation where there is a great disjunction between the two.  Ã‚  

Microanalysis of the recent Market, economic conditions, and the Essay

Microanalysis of the recent Market, economic conditions, and the outlook - Essay Example The good returns in March were attributed to positive economic data on employment and retail sales. In S&P 500, stocks listed in all sectors ended the month in a positive territory led by healthcare, utilities and consumer staples sectors which were among the best performing. The investors mainly bought into stocks offering relatively high dividend yields, strong brands, and some other business models that had lagged behind. Broadly, consumer discretionary and financial stocks outperformed the market expectation. The rest were less robust led by stocks from the energy sector which was the least performing. The stocks did well across all market capitalizations, with value and growth shares fairly matched during the month. In the month of April, the stock market underwent what analysts would call market correction after touching record highs in both the S&P 200 and DJIA. The DJIA touched levels just below 14900 while S$P 500 rallied to above 1,600 points. Analysts say the market has to correct itself after a rally which began late 2011, through 2012, to March this year. The indices dropped at the close of the month as compared to the March data. Going forward, the markets are picking in May, but the yearly cycle sell off is expected in the next few days which might depress the market (T. Rowe Price Investment Services, 2013). Bonds market produced flat results in the month of March with the long-term government bonds being the poorest performers in the category of domestic fixed income sectors as the yields realized were modest. The investment corporate bonds which had the lowest nominal yield rates, trailed the entire market and significantly lagged behind compared to high yield counterparts. The high-yield bonds benefitted from robust equity market and relatively low levels of new issuance in the month. The mortgage-backed securities performed better the overall investment- grade market which was propped by higher yields which lured investors back into the sect or alongside Federal Reserve. Foreign bonds on the other hand, lagged and posted modest losses. This was due to the major currencies devaluing against the US dollar which weighed on foreign markets’ bonds besides political turmoil and rise in the risk aversion by traders on the emerging market’s investment vehicles (Shreve, 2013). Treasury yields, on the other hand, moved higher in the month, but retraced a portion of the previous gains. In the first half of the month, long-term yields steadily with a ten-year year notes reaching 2.06% which was an almost one-year high on the 8th of March. The rise was manly driven by the promising labor market report which raised the prospect of future market inflation and the less accommodative Federal Reserve policy. The Labor Department had earlier, in February, announced that the unemployment rate had fallen to a four-low of 7.7%, with the number f jobs created standing at about 236,000. The services sector also showed surprising strength which was reflected in the healthy growth in retail sales. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has a two-day meeting in the month of March. They decided to maintain the monetary policy, but it altered the assessment of the overall economic outlook of the country. This time they were more upbeat saying that the labor market conditions had shown signs of improvement in recent months. The fed, led by Ben Bernanke

A Touch of Frost Essay Example for Free

A Touch of Frost Essay The first scene we see is of a boy (Billy) walking through the woods at night dusting of his knees. He is very well lit and has a mischievous look on his face also his face is cut. He looks surprised and panicked when the police shout at him and chase after him, once the police have taken him down we get a close up of Billy’s face it’s not until then we realise that the Billy is down syndrome and we begin to feel guilty when he shouts ‘I haven’t done anything wrong ‘we begin to wonder how has Billy done anything wrong when he is a innocent disabled person. The next scene we go to is a shot of Frost and Billy’s father in the corner of a dark room the camera shot used is a high angled shot looking down at the characters this is used to look like the camera is intruding or being nosey. Frost later uses some discriminative/offensive language and calls Billy ‘Mentally subnormal’ Billy’s father corrects him and calls him ‘Handicapped’ Frost discusses that he will have to have someone with him when he questions Billy in case he breaks any of the rules this is discriminative as it means Billy is different and has to have different measures in place for Frost to be able to interview him. The next scene we see is when Frost is interviewing Billy the scene is set in what seems to be a quite dark living room with a wall lamp on which creates a fading light over the set. We see another close up of Billy’s cut up face then there are a series of back and forth shots to give the effect of conversation between Billy and Frost. Frost is very intimidating towards Billy who’s seems paranoid when talking to Frost, we feel sorry for Billy in this scene as Frost makes it very obvious that Billy is responsible for the missing of his friend Trisha. There are a lot of camera shots over Frost’s shoulder aiming downwards towards Billy’s face this is to make Billy seem intimidated and belittled. Frost speaks in a very patronising tone towards Billy as he starts to become very hesitant with his answers Billy’s Dad is in the background of the shot this is to make it look like Billy’s Dad is looking after, supporting and protecting Billy. We are left on a cliff-hanger as we do not get to find if Billy did commit a crime this could make some people feel quite affectionate or sorry towards Billy because of his disability others could take an opposite view on it and they could think that Billy was quite perceiving and cunning and that he shouldn’t be treated or thought of any differently from the rest of us just because he has a disability

King Lears Self Discovery Essay -- King Lear essays

King Lear's Self Discovery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although King Lear is an estimable monarch, as revealed by the devotion of men such as Kent, he has serious character flaws.   His power as king has encouraged him to be proud and impulsive, and his oldest daughters Regan and Goneril reflect that "The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash..." and that "he hath ever but slenderly known himself" (1.1.297-298, 295-296).   When Lear decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters, Cordelia, Goneril, and Regan in order to have less responsibility in his old age, he creates a situation in which his eldest daughters gain authority over him and mistreat him.   Lear is unable to cope with his loss of power and descends into madness.   While the circumstances in which Lear finds himself are instrumental in the unfolding of this tragedy,   it is ultimately not the circumstances themselves, but King Lear's rash reactions to them that lead to his downfall.   In this downfall, Lear is forced to com e to terms with himself as a mortal man.    Lear's self-destruction begins when he stands before the court to divide his kingdom and commands his daughters to profess their love for him.   Cordelia, his youngest and most favored daughter, idealistically believes that words are unnecessary in the expression of love and refuses to profess her feelings.   King Lear had planned to give the most land to Cordelia and to stay with her in his old age and he states of Cordelia, "I loved her most, and thought to set my rest/ On her kind nursery" (1.1.125-126).   The king does not understand the motives behind Cordelia's silence and is shocked by her unexpected reaction to his demand.   He loses sight of his careful preparation for his future and in his... ...h.   This gesture is Lear's final relinquishment of the royalty he no longer values, as well as his decisive welcoming of mortality as it provides him with an escape from his grief.    Works Cited and Consulted Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and Its Double. Grove Press Inc. New York. 1958 Billington, Michael. Gielgud: His Greatest Triumphs. "The Age." May 24, 2000. Brook, Peter. The Empty Space. 1st Touchstone edition. Simon and Schuster Inc. 1996. Noguchi, Isamu. Isamu Noguchi On the Dance. "Texts by Isamu Noguchi." Partee, Dr. Morriss   Henry. Shakespeare Improved. University of Utah English Dept. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear. Jay L. Halio. Ed. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Lear.   Ed. Russell Fraser.   New York: Penguin, 1998.

Descriptive essay on an attractive woman

An attractive woman is a woman who is attractive to you because she has certain attributes or she has certain inner qualities which appeal to your senses. Beauty is the qualities which god graces a person with. Attractive is how a person carries herself. I other words, the way she portrays her assets to the world.Judgment of attractiveness of a woman depends on a particular society, culture or time period but most of all it is a matter of personal preference (1). In spite of significant differences in opinion among different cultures, there are certain physical traits which are perceive as attractive by individuals irrespective of different cultures. A healthy skin adds a natural radiance to a woman’s face.The general symmetry of the face and the proportionate size of the features like the eyes, nose and ears and their proper placement adds to the attractiveness of a woman. Generally men prefer women shorter than his height. But in this age of fashion and modeling, men conside r women with greater height as attractive.A woman is attractive when she has a low waist to hip ratio. In other words, she has less flab on her waist. And her body weight is proportionate to her height. Men of cross culture believe a woman as attractive who is not too thin or not obese or over-weight. In Asian countries like India may prefer fair skin as compared to tanned skin in western countries but in general, men do not think a woman attractive who has very dark complexion. The smell of human body (not body odor) is sexually attractive to the opposite sex.Though beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, according to ‘Physiognomy’, (2) beauty of the woman has to be judged on the whole considering all the parts together. An attractive woman has big and lustrous eyes with eyebrows like a perfect bow. Her hair is long soft and silky. Her nose is straight and of normal length. She has a round face which is soft and smooth to the touch. Her attractiveness is enhanced by h er rosy cheeks and red and well shaped lips. When she smiles, she shows her perfect shaped pearl like teeth.She has a smooth and conch like neck. She has well shaped arms with soft, delicate and beautiful hands. She has a flat belly and narrow waist. A well shaped back and legs completes her beauty. Ideally, a woman’s height should be average. An attractive woman has a clean fragrance. Sometimes the application of perfume or cologne adds to the attractiveness of a woman.   A physically attractive woman also has a sweet voice.An attractive woman has a proper dress sense. She dresses herself according to the demand of the occasion. She may not posses’ perfection of all her features, so she uses make-up to highlight her best features. An attractive woman is a good communicator and she is socially successful.Attraction is not always the outer surface of the person, sometimes it originates from within. If a woman has loveliness of the soul, it adds ethereal glow to her be auty.Therefore, an attractive woman is a woman who is not only physically attractive but also has some intrinsic values like good communication skills and presence of mind. She should be also good at heart. So that when people meet her, they are not only attracted to her physically but are also attracted to her soul.

Compare and Contrast Helena and Hermia in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”

â€Å"Two lovely berries moulded on to one stem/ so with two seeming bodies but one heart†¦..† In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Helena confronts Hermia to remind her once again of their relationship. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a play about the two Athenian couples who constantly run through the course of true love. In this play Helena and Hermia are the two characters that have found their true lovers but are running through obstacles that prevent them to be with their loves.Hermia who is in love with Lysander has to go against the will of her Father Eugeus, while Helena has yet to make her love that is Demetrius fall in love with her. The whole play twists around the lovers and the way they approach to love and courtship. Although Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk honour for true love; in truth Hermia is confident in her approach to courtship while Helena lacks self-esteem.Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk their honour for their true loves. For example Hermia is risking her honour by running away with her true love Lysander:My good Lysander, I swear to thee by Cupid’s strongest bow, By his best arrow with the golden head, By the simplicity of Venus’ doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. By all vows that ever men have broke (In number more than ever women spoke), In that same place thou hast appointed me, Tomorrow truly will I meet thee. (1.1.169-178)Hermia vows upon the strongest symbols of love such as Cupid’s strongest bow, and Venus’ doves as her promise to meet Lysander at the place where they’ll elope. Hermia is risking her reputation by running away with Lysander, because she leaves the city with a person who she loves and trusts but is not married to, so therefore the society may consider her act as a disappointing example for other civilians. While Hermia is willing to risk her honour for Lysander, Helena is willing to risk her repute for the sake of her true love Demetrius. This is best illustrated by Demetrius who states: You do impeach your modesty too much,To leave the city and commit yourself Into the hands of one that loves you not, To trust the opportunity of night And the ill counsel of a desert place With the rich worth of your virginity. (2.1. 199-204)This passage from Demetrius depicts that Helena is risking her reputation by being alone with him at night in a deserted forest. As stated by Demetrius, Helena is committing herself to someone who does not love her and therefore she cannot trust Demetrius with the rich worth of her virginity. â€Å"Your virtue is my privilege†¦..†(2.1.205).Helena’s reply to Demetrius’s statement is that Demetrius will protect her with his virtue so therefore leaving the city and being alone with him does not seem to Helena as risking her honour. In conclusion Hermia and Helena are both connected in terms of risking their honour for Lysander and Demetrius. Helena and Hermia ar e both willing to risk their honour for true love, yet they both are also different in their approach to get to their lovers to be with them. For example the passage below shows Hermia’s confidence at her approach with Lysander. †¦.But, gentle friend, for love and courtesyLie further off in human modesty. Such separation as may well be said Becomes a virtuous bachelor and a maid. So far be distant. And, good night, sweet friend. Thy love ne’er alter till thy sweet life end! (2.2. 45-50)Hermia is confident in her approach to courtship because knows how to say no to Lysander on something that may not seem right to her such as sleeping with him. Separation before marriage is a right thing for Hermia to do and she has the confidence to express herself to Lysander. When Hermia tells Lysander to lie further off in human modesty she says it without hesitation. In this case Helena lacks the confidence that Hermia has in her approach to love. Helena is insecure about her i dentity and often compares her body image to Hermia’s as she does in the following passage. Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay.Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! Your eyes are lodestars, and your tongue’s sweet air More tunable than lark to shepherd’s ear When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear. Sickness is catching. Oh, were favor so, Yours would I catch, fair Hermia, ere I go. My ear should catch your voice. My eye, your eye. My tongue should catch your tongue’s sweet melody†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1.1. 181-189)This passage describes that Helena is insecure about her body image as well as her personality. Helena thinks that Demetrius loves Hermia because of her beauty which makes Helena think that she is inferior to Hermia. Even though both Helena and Hermia are both known to have the same beauty; Helena finds herself uglier because she doesn’t have the love of Demetrius. Helena’s approach to her love i s weaker than that of Hermia’s because of her insecurity and a low self-esteem. Helena wants Hermia’s beauty to be a sickness that she can contract.Hermia’s sweet strain, her lodestar eyes, and Hermia’s overall beauty is what Helena wishes and her insecurity about herself. As a result Hermia’s approach to courtship is stronger because of the high level of confidence she has, whereas Helena lacks that confidence because of her insecurity about herself. To conclude, although Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk their honour for true love, Hermia is stronger at her approach to love and courtship, and Helena lacks self-esteem  because of the insecurity about herself.Hermia is willing to risk her reputation by running away with Lysander, while Helena is willing to risk her reputation by being alone with Demetrius at night. With this connection also comes an alteration, when Hermia proves her confidence that Helena is not bound to have. Hermia kn ows how to say no to something that may not seem right to her. â€Å"Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind/ therefore is wing’d Cupid painted blind†¦..† (1.1. 234-235). Helena’s statement that love is blind and looks with the eyes depicts that she approaches to love thoughtlessly; do you think this approach makes her successful in winning the heart of Demetrius?

CaliforniaBerkeley essays

CaliforniaBerkeley essays During the 60s, there were social unrest on campuses across America as students became active in politics. Students at UCB organized sit ins and other demenstrations against the racial discrimination. When the university banned the students from the demenstrations, students gathered together to form the Free Speech movement. The university acted on the university charter law to ban politics on the college campus. Even though the law was not supposed to be interperated in that way, the university started enforcing the law. This made the students very angry and rebelled towards the university. The students began their free speech movement against the unconstitutional restrictions. The largest sit in happened at Sproul Hall, were police had to intervene, arresting more than 700 people. These were mostly students that wanted to advocate freedom of speech, but instead were dragged off to jails. The university soon changed its policies and allowed free speech as long as the demens tations were annonced ahead of time. Mario Savio, the leader of the movement advocated non violence, but this would not be upheld. The movement at UCB led way to many other campuses across the country. By the 70s, the movement ended across college campuses. Black Radicalism was on the move during the 60s as the Black Panthers formed. This group under Huey Newton and Bobby Seale represented African Americans in a different way other then the Civil Rights Movement. The group felt that African Americans were being wrongly targeted by white police officers. They were sick of the racism and wanted to be able to protect themselves as much as possible. The intentions of the Black Panther were to use non violence to defend themselves. Although they were non violent, they would carry guns just in case violence broke out. The Panthers were not a racist group, but one that is for protection from all harm no matter who it was. They be ...

Definition and Examples of Koineization (Dialect Mixing)

Definition and Examples of Koineization (Dialect Mixing) Definition In sociolinguistics, koineization is  the process by which a new variety of a language emerges from the mixing, leveling, and simplifying of different dialects. Also known as dialect mixing and  structural nativization. The new variety of a language that develops as a result of koineization is called a koinà ©. According to  Michael Noonan, Koineization has probably been a fairly common feature of the history of languages (The Handbook of Language Contact, 2010). The term koineization  (from the Greek for common tongue) was introduced by linguist William J. Samarin (1971) to describe the process that leads to the formation of new dialects. Examples and Observations The only necessary process in koineization is that of the incorporation of features from several regional varieties of a language. In the early stages one can expect a certain amount of heterogeneity in the realization of individual phonemes, in morphology and, possibly, syntax.(Source: Rajend Mesthrie, Language Change, Survival, Decline: Indian Languages in South Africa.Languages in South Africa, ed. by R. Mesthrie. Cambridge University Press, 2002)Examples of koines  (the outcomes of koineization) include the Hindi/Bhojpuri varieties spoken in Fiji and South Africa, and the speech of new towns such as  Hà ¸yanger in Norway and Milton Keynes in England. In some cases, the koine is a regional lingua franca which does not replace the already existing dialects.(Source: Paul Kirswill, Koineization.  The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd ed., edited by  J. K. Chambers and Natalie Schilling. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Leveling, Simplification, and Reallocation In a dialect mixture situation, large numbers of variants will abound, and through the process of accommodation in face-to-face interaction, interdialect phenomena will begin to occur. As time passes and focusing begins to take place, particularly as the new town, colony, or whatever begins to acquire an independent identity, the variants present in the mixture begin to be subject to reduction. Again this presumably occurs via accommodation, especially of salient forms. This does not take place in a haphazard manner, however. In determining who accommodates to whom, and which forms are therefore lost, demographic factors involving proportions of different dialect speakers present will clearly be vital. More importantly, though, more purely linguistic forces are also at work. The reduction of variants that accompanies focusing, in the course of new-dialect formation, takes place during the process of koineization. This comprises the process of leveling, which involves the loss of mark ed and/or minority variants; and the process of simplification, by means of which even minority forms may be the ones to survive if they are linguistically simpler, in the technical sense, and through which even forms and distinctions present in all the contributory dialects may be lost. Even after koineization, however, some variants left over from the original mixture may survive. Where this happens, reallocation may occur, such that variants originally from different regional dialects may in the new dialect become social-class dialect variants, stylistic variants, areal variants, or, in the case of phonology, allophonic variants.(Source: Peter Trudgill, Dialects in Contact. Blackwell, 1986) Koineization and Pidginization As Hock and Joseph (1996:387,423) point out, koineization, the convergence between languages, and pidginization usually involve structural simplification as well as the development of an interlanguage. Siegel (2001) argues that (a) pidginization and koineization both involve second language learning, transfer, mixing and leveling; and (b) the difference between pidginization and creole genesis, on the one hand, and koineisation, on the other, are due to differences in the values of a small number of language-related, social, and demographic variables. Koineisation is usually a gradual, continuous process which takes place over a long period of sustained contact; whereas pidginization and creolization are traditionally thought of as relatively rapid and sudden processes.(Source: Frans Hinskens, Peter Auer, and Paul Kerswill, The Study of Dialect Convergence and Divergence: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Dialect Change: Convergence And Divergence in European Languages, e d. by P. Auer, F. Hinskens, and P. Kerswill. Cambridge University Press, 2005) [T]he social contexts of the two processes differ. Koineization requires free social interaction between speakers of the various varieties in contact, whereas pidginization results from restricted social interaction. Another difference is the time factor. Pidginization is most often considered a rapid process in response to a need for immediate and practical communication. In contrast, koineization is usually a process which occurs during prolonged contact between speakers who can almost always understand each other to some extent.(Source: J. Siegel, The Development of Fiji Hindustani. Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi, ed. by Richard Keith Barz and Jeff Siege. Otto Harrassowitz, 1988) Alternate Spellings: koineisation [UK]

Make a research paper about two different types of application softare

Make a about two different types of application softare (exclude microsoft office softwares) - Research Paper Example Specifically, an application software provides the end-user with the capability to manipulate text, graphics, or even audio and video files. Different types of application software include Word Processing Software, Database Software, Spreadsheet Software, Multimedia Software, Presentation Software, Enterprise Software, Information Worker Software, Educational Software, Simulation Software, and Content Access Software. This paper will discuss specifically about Firefox and SAP, two application software that are widely used in their respective fields and industries. Firefox Firefox is a web browser application software that falls under the category of content access software. As its name implies, content access software allow users to access content with or without editing allowed (Bell 107). These kinds of software are primarily applied on platforms where a user is required to share content among a group of other users. Examples of content access applications are media players, web br owsers, and computer games. These software facilitate the access and use of digital content and allows the user to access and use these content with other users as well. Web browsers, specifically, are among the most widely used content access software as they allow people to request for, access, and even show information and yet many other applications through the internet (Miller, Vandome and McBrewster 10). As a web browser, Firefox provides users with access to information resources, which may be in the form of a web page, an image, a video, or some other content. According to founder Blake Ross, Firefox is an open source (i. e., free) web browser application that he created together with other developers because he wanted to minimize popup ads and other software applications that inflicted earlier web browsers (1). It descended from the Mozilla Application Suite, and features tabbed browsing, spell-checking, bookmarking, and downloading, aside from its basic web browser feature s (Gross 634). Most open-source software are usually plagued by their limited capabilities and applicable platforms. However, Firefox is able to run on a number of operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Currently, Firefox is the second leading web browser application next to Internet Explorer. SAP Software SAP, which stands for Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing, is an enterprise software used by many businesses today. Enterprise software respond to the needs of organizational processes and data flows (Bell 107). Enterprise software are meant to solve problems of the whole enterprise rather just of a specific department. Such systems are often costly and are thus available only to large scale enterprises. Moreover, these software are customized to fit the system of the entire business organization. As such, SAP is responsible for performing a number of departmental functions (oftentimes, the enterprise’s entire IT system is rooted on thi s software), for example, order processing, procurement, production scheduling, customer information management, and accounting (Oak). Thus, as an enterprise software, SAP is hosted on a number of servers and caters to a large number of users at the same time. This is usually done over a computer network, a feature that is in contrast with other lone-user application that runs on a user’s PC, catering to only one user at a time. It should likewise be noted that SAP is an ERP or

The European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The European Union - Essay Example As relevant in any social scenario, when the disintegrated resources of different European nations united under one single label, it turned out to be mighty force in terms of economy and politics. The primary impact that the European Union has had on the global economy is that it has turned out to be a huge bargainer. This should be read together with the fact that whole of the European Union has a population of 500 million. This very fact makes it a huge consumer society. Contributing to the economic control this unified force can have, the consumer needs and the trade related issues of the whole European Union is controlled by a standardized and single window regulation system. This means that the every trade within the European Union will be controlled through a unified system of trade polices and laws. Considering these facts together, a unified demand of such a big population cannot be considered loosely by any business entity. Thus the European Union will have a great bargaining capacity. On the other side as far as the production is concerned, the European Union produced 30% share of the nominal gross world product in the last year. Thus in terms of production also, th e European Union becomes a vital force in the global market. This would highly influence the trade both bound inward and outward. The sourcing process so as to have the resources to maintain the high production level will distinguish the European Union as an important market. The importance as a vital force in global production and consumption thus would leave the European Union with the luxury to have control over competition. The unified regulations can very well check the possibilities of monopolistic economies and trade developing within its jurisdiction. The global giants will have to amend their business strategies as liked by the Union. As the economic system encourages highly the free movement of manpower, goods, capital and services

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Does the globalisation of culture effectively mean the westernisation of culture - Essay Example It is a process of transformation that is affected by several changing factors at the global level. The main factors that promote globalisation are technology, economy and culture. Politics has been widely influenced by globalisation; and the political institutions, such as the nation – state have been significantly transformed, on account of globalisation (Shaw 1999: iii). There are a number of concepts involved in the globalisation process, which vary according to the circumstances. It has been argued that globalisation is a symbol of capitalism that is controlled by the market forces. Globalisation legalises transnational capitalism, and establishes international governmental institutions to supervise the world. As such, it brings about global domination, thereby depriving sovereign nations of their power of self – determination (Kellner). Culture can be defined as a combination of diverse features, such as spirituality, materialism, intellectual pursuits and emotions in a society. It incorporates art, literature, lifestyles, social forms of living, value systems, traditions, and belief in a social group or society. Culture can also be construed as communication. Civilisation developed on the basis of the cultural features of society. In the past, the development of dominant societies in a specific region established unique cultural identities for that region. The development of culture resulted in civilisation (Effects on Globalization in Culture Differentiation 2009). In the aftermath of globalisation, cultural identity, in some societies that depict cultural diversity, will emerge stronger. The determining factors, in relation to cultural identity will change, after globalisation. Consequently, diversities in culture will coexist with globalisation. However, the criteria that underlie culture differentiation will undergo transformation, due to globalisation (Effects on Globalization in Culture Differentiation 2009). Western

Homelessness Act 2002 Analysis

Homelessness Act 2002 Analysis Assessing the new homelessness strategies introduced by the Homelessness Act 2002: are the housing needs of the young homeless in the UK closer to being adequately addressed? Chapters Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 3 Homelessness Act 2002 Young People†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 5 Distinctive Qualities of ‘Youth Homelessness’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 10 Local Authorities and Discretion Post-2002:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 12 Lack of Monitoring Procedures / Inadequacy of Performance Indicators†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 12 Diversity or Chaos under the Homelessness Act 2002†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 15 Priority Need†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 18 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 20 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 21 ‘We have weapons of mass destruction we have to address here at home. Poverty is a weapon of mass destruction. Homelessness is a weapon of mass destruction. Unemployment is a weapon of mass destruction.’ Dennis Kucinich[1] Introduction Property, as a jurisprudential concept, holds a lot of sway in liberal philosophical thought. We see property as a central theme for such institutional writers as Locke, Hegel, Kant and Nozick who see Property Rights as going to the centre of ‘sanctioned behavioural relations among men’[2]. Thus in a purely philosophical manner the Homeless are truly disenfranchised from the underlying rationale of law. This pervasive attitude also leads to a disenfranchisement across a number of important social spheres such as voting, raising money and unemployment benefit However, we recognise limits on all property rights in order to help disadvantaged, for example the Family Law Act 1996 recognises rights for a spouse who suffers domestic abuse[3]. This work is concerned to look at the quantitative and qualitative outcomes for young[4] homeless people achieved by the statutory framework, how does this demographic fare given their no-property status? The importance of this review cannot be underestimated. In the U.K. it is a general problem which ‘despite economic prosperity, a private housing market boom, and a raft of legislation and homelessness initiatives, recorded levels of homelessness in the U.K. remain stubbornly high’[5] and in recent years the problem was more prosaically described as ‘taking us back towards the deep social divisions of Victorian society a moment in history than no one wants to see repeated’[6] However, despite it’s persistent nature and damaging social effects there is a dearth of real academic research on the topic as a whole. This work hopes to contribute to an area which desperately needs quality academic attention. Secondly, this review is prompted by similar government observations that suggest a review of the legislative apparatus is timely: ‘It is our view that there should not be homeless people in the UK in 2004. A home is a fundamental right which should not be denied to anyone living in as affluent and ambitious a society as our own.’[7] The Select Committee then goes onto argue that ‘a review of the workings of the 2002 Act would identify the weak spots for the government’[8]. This work will carry out such a review. However, given the limitation of space it focuses on the young homeless. In recent years this demographic has been receiving more academic and media attention than others simply because of the prevalence of youth homelessness within England – in 2004 it was estimated that up to 52,000 young people between the ages of 16-25 were homeless and at any rate that this demographic accounts for a quarter of all the homeless throughout the U.K.[9]. However, whilst there may be a reasonable degree of peripheral awareness of this subject as a social problem which has particular risks and difficulties associated with it there has been no current published research on the effectiveness of the homeless strategies, implemented under the Homelessness Act 2002, as it applies to this demographic. This work will attempt to fill this void and give some guidance on the direction of any review or reform of the legislative apparatus. Homelessness Act 2002 Young People The Homelessness Act 2002 was the culmination of a significant policy from New Labour which, obviously, therefore provides the underlying rationale of the statute. If we are to understand what reforms to the content or rationale are required from our qualitative and quantitative analyses of the operation of the statute we need to first understand what the existing structure represents. Whilst it is fair to say that ‘the UK has a lengthy history of voluntary and statutory provision for homeless people’[10] statutory intervention on a large scale was not comprehensively implemented until the introduction of the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977. However, for many commentators this legislation was seen as ‘an ineffective and inadequate means of resolving the problems of many homeless persons’[11]. There were numerous problems with the legislation which we will briefly prà ©cis so as to provide a comparator to the 2002 Act. A large degree of discretionary decision-making was left in the hands of local housing authorities[12] which meant that groups of homeless people who didn’t satisfy the ‘priority need’ criteria or other statutory requirements for other groups of homeless people had virtually no protection[13]. The 1977 Act setup a two-tiered approach which imposed different duties on the local authority at each level. Its initial duties operated when an individual made an application to the local housing authority which indicated a possibility that the person may either be homeless or threatened with homelessness[14]. Accommodation would then only be provided if the local authority had done an investigation and had reasonable grounds for believing the facts of the application and the person fell into a category of ‘priority need’. Otherwise the duty was one of advice and appropriate assistance[15]. Furthermore, the extent of the duty to provide accommodation only covered a ‘period of time reasonable to enable the applicant to secure housing on his own’[16]. The system setup had a narrowing effect in that there were large groups of people, typically non-parent single individuals[17], who had to rely on charity or voluntary services to provide any kind of accommodation. This system was argued to have lead to ‘an unprecedented increase in street homelessness in the U .K.’[18]. The period between the 1980’s and 1997 was mirrored by an exponential growth in NGO agencies providing support to the homeless in stark contrast to the complete lack of statutory change, although consolidation did occur in the Housing Act 1996. There were Government sponsored programmes such as the ‘Rough Sleepers Initiative’ and ‘Supporting People’ which transcended many professions such as housing, health, social work, education and employment. These multi-agency initiatives have been seen as vital to the ending of homelessness however there was always a fear over the disjointed and inefficient nature of these many statutory and voluntary agencies as well as confusion to the individual faced with homelessness[19]. As of 5th May 2006 there is a new UK government department for Communities and Local Government, taking over from the Homelessness Directorate within the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, which is now in charge of overseeing the current framework. The Labour Government came to power in 1997 on the back of a manifesto pledge that they would ‘impose a new duty on local authorities to protect those who are homeless through no fault of their own and are in priority need’[20]. The DETR[21] published the Housing Green Paper in April 2000 which outlined the intention of the government this was then introduced in the form of the Homes Bill which fell because of the proroguement of parliament for the general election. However, this was quickly followed by another bill that in time became the Homelessness Act 2002 that received Royal Assent on 26th February 2002 The 2002 Act made some very significant changes to the pre-existent statutory framework detailed above[22]. The central provision was a requirement placed upon local authorities to carry out a review of homelessness in their area and publish strategies to overcome this within 12 months of the passing of the Act and to be renewed every five years[23]. These included audits of current levels of homelessness, programs for combating, preventing or alleviating homelessness. The information gathered under the review was then to be scrutinised and the strategy would build upon any strengths and remedy weaknesses[24]. This was part of a clearer focus on devolving responsibility for tackling homelessness at a local level however the Act did also modify the pre-existent law by amending the Housing Act 1996. Whilst not implementing a duty it did give local housing authorities the discretionary power to give unintentionally homeless applicants not in priority need accommodation whereas the duty before was advice and assistance. The latter duty still exists but is more clearly defined and requires an investigation into the individual’s circumstances and needs. The hope of the government was that these ‘two provisions combined†¦can be used by applicants to argue that local authorities should consider referrals of applicants not in priority need to registered social landlords’[25]. There was formerly a two year time limit on the duty to provide housing but the Act now requires more than simply time lapsing including refusal of unsuitable accommodation, intentional homelessness or a change in circumstances[26]. This provision will introduce a lot more equity into the law and its arbitrary time limits. The largest change to the law was undoubtedly wrought through ss.13 – 16 which completely change the rules on allocation of a property in particular the power of the local authorities to power to exclude specific groups from priority need and reduce other priority[27]. Exclusion is permitted to individuals subject to immigration control or those deemed unsuitable by reason of their ‘unacceptable behaviour’[28]. Behaviour in general is also permitted as a reason for reducing the priority of an individual[29]. Local Authorities are still provided with discretion to create an allocation scheme but in determining preferences to be given in that scheme the definition of homelessness was widened to include all homeless, even those who are intentionally so or are not in priority need. The idea here is that in allocating available housing to all homeless people, rather than those that the local authority has a pre-existent duty to provide accommodation to, will clearly be more equitable[30]. For the sake of brevity the other main changes are bullet-pointed: Local authorities are able to offer assured tenancies and assured short-hold tenancies provided by private landlords in order to meet their duty to provide accommodation. However, refusal of such an offer doesn’t discharge the duty of the local authority as it normally would. The protections surrounding domestic violence are extended to those not only actually suffering but also those threatened with violence. A requirement that social security services’ cooperate with housing authorities this is to combat those families that are intentionally homeless with children. In summary the 2002 Act placed a much higher emphasis on the responsibility of local authorities through the review and strategy requirements whilst also making relatively minor amendments to the pre-existent structure which were principally designed to extend local authorities duties and powers regarding the homeless. A large part of this work will concentrate on the discretion of local authorities as detailed above in particular looking at whether the Act had created disparity between local authorities and a lack of meaningful monitoring of the operation of discretion or whether the approach by local authorities has lead to more flexibility and choice for individuals. This will be a qualitative assessment of the impact of the Act however we will also have regard to substantive aspects and ask whether the definitions of ‘priority need’ and ‘homelessness’[31] adequately cater for the urgent need of young, 16-25 year old, persons. It is worth just noting at t his point that the Act and the surrounding government publications do not mention youth homelessness as a target but homelessness in general. It is therefore accepted that we may be critiquing the Act for things outside its original remit however given the importance of this demographic any failing will be considered a large one. Distinctive Qualities of ‘Youth Homelessness’ The fundamental question for this work is to assess whether or not the Homelessness Act 2002 has to any degree moved the U.K. closer to addressing the needs of young homeless persons. However, in doing this what we have to be aware of is that ‘homeless people are a heterogeneous group with diverse social, economic and health needs’[32]. The exposition of these particularistic needs has not always been made explicit but to some degree it needs to be done so for this work to be of any importance. In other words, what are the specific needs of the youth homeless demographic? This is a difficult question and in itself could form the basis of a much larger work however it is possible to glean from some sources that there are a few predominant needs of the youth demographic which we can use to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures under the 2002 Act. One clear need is that of information, whilst always important the issue is more acute in youth homelessness given their relative inexperience and lack of social awareness[33]. As a logical corollary to this it would include training staff and volunteers on how to relate such information to children[34]. In general this is necessary because unlike other demographics there is a lack of self-sufficiency or financial resources[35], extremely high emotional and financial exploitability leading to higher risk of mental illness or disease of some form[36]. The problems with self-sufficiency and financial resources are explained because a youth group will tend to have little education, qualifications or job exper ience. This is coupled with the fact that they will have little or no experience of independent living which prevents them from doing even the most basic of things[37]. This has been recognised by a number of commentators who argue that ‘the problems of long term homelessness are to an extent due to lack of skills, knowledge and social development’[38]. Finally, another prominent need for the youth homelessness is not just the provision of accommodation but is the need for further support after the allocation of accommodation, of any kind. It has been argued that this is a particular need of youth homeless and that provision of such support must be ‘flexible, appropriate and geared to need’[39]. The foregoing is not meant to be an authoritative statement but a guide to what we will be analysing in the rest of this work. In order to assess the Homelessness Act 2002 we will be looking at how local authorities and the statute are capable of meeting some of these needs that we have outlined above. Local Authorities and Discretion Post-2002 As we saw, above, the local authorities have a great deal of control and discretion in publishing a strategy and creating there own allocation criteria. The importance of this is that the young homeless tend not to fall into an explicit category of those in ‘priority need’, as we shall see, and therefore the operation of local authorities under the Act become of the utmost importance to assessing the effectiveness of the legislative structure. In determining this we are looking at three separate but inter-related areas that might impact on the effectiveness of providing a coherent approach to youth homelessness. Thus if we look at needs such as information provided to the young – there is a clear danger that if there is a disjointed approach across local authorities then the quality of life enjoyed by those young people who fall into homelessness will become a post-code lottery. Lack of Monitoring Procedures / Inadequacy of Performance Indicators The first specific area that this research wants to uncover is whether or not the lack of monitoring provisions leads to an inconsistent application which consequently fails young homeless people. Furthermore, are the indicators used by government to monitor local authority initiatives helpful? The joining up of local authorities under the 2002 Act was a specific aim and the government stated ‘While the Government will join-up policy at the national level, local authorities will need to do so locally’[40]. This was supposed to be achieved by an alliance between supra-local bodies such as the Housing Corporation, Local Government Association and National Housing Federation[41]. They all recommended the adoption of a partnership between housing associations and local authorities to help implement the strategies required under the 2002 Act. However, with this many bodies involved it is hard to monitor the success of the Act especially as the local authorities are under no d uty to monitor the success. However, in an indirect way a lack of monitoring will cause severe difficulty for the Local Authority in reviewing current and future levels of homelessness in accordance with their strategy. This is because the raw information will not be in an accessible form, it will be spread across many different agencies or it may not be gathered at all[42] Shelter has campaigned for the wider introduction of ‘multi-agency monitoring’[43] which derives from governments ‘Homelessness Strategies: A Good Practice handbook’[44]. The idea of a MAM is that a lead agency, usually a local authority, will take charge of running the scheme and have a department dedicated to the maintenance of it. The scheme operates as follows: ‘All agencies use common forms to collect information, asking the same questions, and using the same data entry codes. A MAM scheme uses a unique identifier for each individual when recording the information onto a central database’[45]. The advantages of this are the ability to identify demographics and look at how policy and initiatives impacts on them. In that way the local authority can look at numerous independent variables such as person of first contact, place of first contact, popularity of various services and many other incredibly important pieces of information. However, th e handbook is a recommendation and is not mandatory by any means and it is therefore unsurprising that the Housing Quality Network Services (HQNS) recommended in 2004 that more guidance on the ‘minimum requirement for monitoring to ensure best practice’[46] be introduced by the government. The HQNS service highlighted that producing an action plan including plans for monitoring and having performance indicators was ‘a weak point in many strategies’[47] who failed to set out in any substantive detail how they were going to go about monitoring homelessness. However, in fairness there are other councils who have mentioned MAM’s[48] in their strategies but even there these are prospective and thin on detail[49]. The difficulty for this work is in assessing the effectiveness and the dedication to these limited stated aims without direct access to primary resources. Thus this work must defer to the conclusions of the quantitative research done by the HQNS that makes explicit that whilst many strategies mention monitoring few have much detail or concrete plans for how a MAM would be set-up The picture that arises, therefore, is that the lack of mandatory minimum monitoring requirement’s is not being counteracted by pro-active councils around the country therefore in that way it fails to achieve the goals of having effective reviews and strategies. As the Bath North East Somerset strategy stated ‘A strategy is only as good as the information that supports it’[50]. The fact that a government produced report which generally heralded the whole process of producing a review and strategy as a success mentioned data collection and monitoring as a problem on several occasions highlights that this could be a significant problem in targeting the strategies in any meaningful sense at youth homelessness. This has a knock-on effect on performance indicators. The government had encouraged local authorities to introduce performance indicators[51] and in 2005 they introduced The Local Government (Best Value) Performance Indicators and Performance Standards (England) Order 2005[52]. This followed a wide consultation on the issue. It applied this to all local authorities and measures performance by reference to five criteria: Average length of stay in bed and breakfast or hostel accommodation by households including dependent children or pregnant women. Number of rough sleepers on a single night within authority’s area. Percentage increase / decrease from year to year of statistic 1. Number of families for which housing advice casework intervention resolved their homeless situation; and Proportion of repeat homeless people.[53] Quite apart from the fact that, on a formal level, none of these mention youth homelessness but at another level the performance indicators will be useless if the monitoring procedures are as inadequate as the HQNS review suggests. Whilst it is impossible to be specific about the impact in quantitative terms we can discuss the issue in qualitative terms. We can see that there is an almost blind-spot by the government of youth homelessness in relation to monitoring information and how that translates into performance indicators. Diversity or Chaos under the Homelessness Act 2002 As we saw in our description of the Act the basic framework set-out is that ‘strategy is led from central government departments†¦but local housing authorities are key to planning and service delivery, irrespective of their political complexion’[54]. The reason for this was made clear in the government green paper which eventually lead to the 2002 Act: ‘Central Government can set the framework for housing policies. But the delivery of those policies must be tailored to a variety of local circumstances.’[55] This devolving of responsibility for implementation of strategy to local authorities is clearly designed to avoid a top-down homogenous approach to community-sensitive issues such as homelessness however the question for this work is how this has worked in relation to young people. It is integral to see whether this devolution has lead to innovative solutions which fit the needs of young people and also to see whether this leads to a post-code lotter y because of regional discrepancies. Primarily, we can draw comparative conclusions from a very useful survey of Scottish Local Authorities carried out in 2004 which looked at which authorities were addressing youth homelessness specifically as a problem[56]. The study was carried out only one year after The Homelessness, etc. (Scotland) Act 2003 and thus many strategies were in draft format and some weren’t available at all but the conclusions are stark. As far as having clear aims and objectives in relation to young people the survey only found one strategy that had these specifically stated. There was a much larger emphasis on prevention rather than aiding those already homeless thus twenty-seven strategies dealt with provision of information on services for homelessness in schools. Worryingly there were no strategies that assessed the general availability of affordable housing for young people but as we mentioned one of the major needs of young homeless people was provision of ongoing support and this was ide ntified as an objective in the strategies of twenty-six of the local authorities however only six took this any further and proposed aid in relation to education, training or employment. We will recall that lack of those skills is seen as endemic to youth homelessness and it seemed it was poorly addressed. The conclusions of the SCSH as a whole were that ‘†¦youth issues are generally not well addressed in the homelessness strategies, aside from one or two exceptions’[57] and worryingly one of the least well addressed issues was having a specific youth homelessness policy within the general homelessness policy. It is hard to make direct generalisations to England with regard to this study but it is suggestive that youth-specific issues are not as high in the list of priorities of many local authorities as perhaps other demographics such as those suffering domestic abuse or pregnant woman. In a similar study, which had a much wider remit, the ODPM had argued that in English Homelessness Strategies ‘†¦Young people, either single or in families, are a key priority in most parts of the country.’[58] However it noticed a disparity in other demographics such as single people and gypsies / travellers. However, what is worrying about this can be highlighted in a study of the strategies of Bromley and Lewisham Councils. In Bromley it is true to say that ‘Vulnerable Young People’ is one of the specific client groups that were included in their strategy and included plans for the development of specific support services[59]. Thus it created a new team within the council to specifically deal with young people and their needs as well as arranging funding for new supported accommodation facilities as a form of initial accommodation for young people[60]. However, the problem is that such services are de-limited and targeted solely at 16 and 17 year old s. However, our review of young people’s needs indicated that 16 – 25 years olds all felt similar disadvantages. This was also the case in Lewisham Council[61] who talk about vulnerable young people as a group including those leaving care and 16 / 17 year olds. This, as we shall discuss below, is largely in response to the government’s widening of ‘priority need’ in the Homelessness Act 2002 to cover 16 and 17 year olds. This is undoubtedly a step-forward but the approach is undermined because it skews focus onto these two age groups. The other thing that is striking about both of these strategies is the lack of plans specifically to provide information to young people[62], statistics about youth homelessness and nothing about education, training or employment opportunities or schemes for young people. Having looked at these two large councils, Scotland and the overall review carried out by the ODPM there are a number of conclusions that we can make. Firstly, disparity between the councils doesn’t seem to be a large problem as far as young people are concerned. However, the approach does seem homogenous and inadequate to cater to the wider 16 – 25 demographic all of whom experience similar needs[63] as well as making up 25% of all homeless rough sleepers in the U.K.[64]. There seems little of this sensitivity to local issues and the government’s focus on 16 and 17 year olds has skewed the debate to a degree and in fact lead to poorer recognition of the needs of 16 – 25 year old homeless people. The major problem with this is that following the abolition of housing lists and the qualifying / non-qualifying groups division that existed pre-2002, above, local authorities have discretion to target groups. Those groups seem unlikely to be a holistic treatment of 16 – 25 year olds. Priority Need The importance of being categorised as homeless and in priority need is extremely high. It is the difference between having the possibility of interim accommodation offered and the council having a duty to provide long-term accommodation, as we saw in the second section. Thus for all demographics qualification into these categories will be keenly contested and we must see to what degree young people are catered for. We don’t have the space to carry out a thorough review of both subjects however a brief prà ©cis will again highlight the impact